Practice Papers

Gandhiji started Dandi March as a campaign against the heavy tax imposed on salt. Gandhiji started this campaign to produce salt from the seawater in the village of Dandi. Hence named Dandi.

He vowed that unless India gets its freedom, he will not return to Sabarmati Ashram. Many regional salt marches took place at the same time under the leadership of regional leaders.

Romanticism was an artistic and intellectual movement. It occurred during the late 18^th century in Europe. During this movement, the artists from the field of philosophy, literature or painting took a break from the traditional notion of the art.

OR

The French were the colonial settlers of Vietnam. The French government under Napoleon III invaded the southern region of Vietnam. They were given a large tracts of land after Vietnam was occupied by the French.

Tow major categories of industries are:

a. Agro-based industries: The industries that use agricultural raw materials. Example: Sugar, Cotton industries.

b. Mineral Based Industries: The industries that use minerals as raw materials. Example: Ion and Steel Industry.

Civil Rights Movement: It was a set of movements led by Martin Luther King Jr against the racial discrimination against the African American. It was a nonviolent movement against the various laws and practices that favored racial discrimination.

The movement was organized and led by African men and women along with some whites.

The political parties are the pillars of a democracy. In a large country like India, it is difficult for any one party to accumulate majority votes. They need to form alliances with other parties.

The government formed with the alliance of several parties is called a coalition government.

Example: The Bhartiya Janta party was founded in 1980. The party came into power in 1998, with the support of various regional political parties. The alliance of BJP with various state parties was named as National Democratic Alliance.

Two measures to sustain democracy are:

a. Giving equal voting rights to the citizens and compulsory election for every term must be conducted, and all the citizens must participate in it.

b. The demands of the citizens must be entertained and paid attention to. There should be proper accountability of the government actions.

Tata group is an Indian company founded by Jamshedji Tata in Mumbai is now a global multinational company.

Reliance Group founded by Dhirubhai Ambani is a multinational company.

In 1920, Ireland got incorporated in the United Kingdom of Great Britain Northern Ireland is a Christian country but divided into Catholics and Protestants. The Catholics have a history of racial and social discrimination, they have been poorer compared to the Protestants. After the partition of the island of Ireland in Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland:

*Northern Ireland had Catholics in the minority, the region was and continues to be an ethnically heterogeneous society.

*Apart from this heterogeneity, inequality with the Catholic community also exists, they suffer disadvantage relative to the Protestants.

*The Catholics were discriminated in the allocation of housing, electoral system, and the labor market.

*In Northern Ireland, the Catholics are more likely to be poor compared to the Protestants. The Catholics of Northern Ireland have a history of social discrimination. As a result, both the community conflicts.

OR

The French wanted to educate the Vietnamese so that they could be modernized and adapt the French culture; so that they could have more control over Vietnamese.

The consequences of the education policy had a contrary effect and created nationalism in Vietnamese. This feeling was aroused due to the partiality did between the French and Vietnamese. But there was also a chunk of people that emphasized on French education policy.

So, one group would respect the French sentiments and ideals while other would oppose them.

In an early 19^th century in India, the nation was struggling with the British regime as well as with own people, rituals, customs, etc.

1. The print media played an important role in reforming the orthodox religious culture.

2. The books published were read by people and created awareness about a well-educated society, equality.

3. The newspaper had articles that would criticize the practice of Sati, widow immolation, etc.

4. These ideas were circulated throughout, and people were also against these practices.

OR

The novel is about a grain merchant who becomes the Mayor of the farming town named Casterbridge.

The social changes depicted in the novel are:

1. Due to industrialisation, the small farmers with lands were disappearing as the big farmers bought machines and employed laborer.

2. The changing nature of the world; from being personalized to mechanized urban culture.

Rainwater harvesting (RWH) is a simple method by which rainfall is collected for future usage. The collected rainwater may be stored, utilised in different ways or directly used for recharge purposes.

The objectives are:

1. It is used for storing the rainwater which can be later used for different works.

2. Rainwater harvesting can reduce stormwater runoff from a property.

3. It is an excellent source of water for plants and landscape irrigation since it has no chemicals.

Railways are the principal mode of transportation. It helps in running most of the business across the nation by transporting goods across the nation. Railways make it possible to conduct sightseeing, pilgrimages, traveling, etc.

In India, railways are the lifeline of the nation. It has been serving the nation for 150 years. It binds the economic life of the country and helps in developing industry and agriculture.

Major problems of Indian railways are:

1. The tracks sometimes sink due to landslides and stretches.

2. Economically, the railway industry suffers because many passengers travel without a ticket.

3. Railway properties are damaged and stolen by people.

4. People cause heavy damage to the railways by pulling the chain unnecessarily.

Power sharing is distribution or arrangement of powers between groups or states of a nation.

Power is important because:

a. Almost every nation has various ethnicity; there are various religious and linguistic groups. So, arranging or distributing the powers among these groups reduces the occurrence of conflict in the nation. By sharing power, a nation ensures that stability and political order is maintained.

b. In a democratic nation, power sharing is more significant, because in a democracy the people have the right to be consulted about the governance.

Example: In our Parliament, seats are reserved for women and socially backward community, to give these community chance to represent themselves. This type of arrangement is made to give the minority communities a fair share in the power.

When some power is taken away from Central and state government and given to local government is called Decentralization.

The significance of decentralization:

1. It helps to settle the small issue at the local level and deliver faster outcomes.

2. In local government, people could directly participate in decision making.

3. People are closer to a local government than state or central government, therefore, local government can identify regional issues more specifically

The overlapping of social differences creates social divisions and tensions. This sometimes gives rise to social division.

Example: In US the blacks were usually poor, homeless hence were discriminated by the White Americans. Hence this created social division.

In India, the Dalits were treated as Untouchables because they were born lower caste compared to rest. They were poor, had no homes, were not allowed to perform decent work. This created a social division in the society, which deep-rooted and India is still struggling to overcome this division.

Gandhiji said that religion and politics could never be separated. He meant that the people who are involved in politics must be guided by their respective religion ethics.

Politics is to help the common people in taking their demands to the government. The demands would never be common because India is a diverse country where different religions exist, and they pursue different lifestyles, so their demands are also different. Also, while fulfilling one’s demand, it must be taken care of that the rights of other religions are not violated.

Hence political activities to regulate religious affairs are acceptable if it treats every religion equally.

(a) At present India is interconnected via roads, railways, and airlines. Even the hinterlands have access to the mainland. Though India is vast in its size and culture, it is well linked with the world through roadways, waterways, and airways. The trade, business, print media, television media, internet, and the cinema industry have been pivotal in linking India with rest of the world and contributed socio-economic progress. The export and import of products in international markets have added to the vitality of the economy.

(b) By traveling within the country one gets to know about the different regional culture and way of living of people. This can help developing tolerance towards other communities as one gets to know their way and struggles of life.

Reserve Bank of India is the central banking institution, which regulates the monetary policy of the Indian economy. RBI is an institution of national importance and the pillar of the surging Indian economy.

Functions:

1. frames the regulations for banks in India.

2. Supervises the commercial banks

3. It monitors that the banks have minimum capital balance.

4. The RBI ensures that the loans are given to everyone by the banks including the small borrowers, and not just to the profit-making business.

5. RBI ensures that the banks do not lend more money than they are supposed to.

Human development report is published annually by the United Nations Development program

The report publishes the survey of countries in good education and health facilities.

World development report is published annually by the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) or World Bank. Each WDR provides in-depth analysis of a specific aspect of economic development. It focuses on per capita income and growth in the economy.

The great depression occurred during the 1930s in the USA and affected the entire world’s economy.

Depression is a phase when the economy’s growth slows down, and a nation is hit by unemployment. It occurred when the stock prices in the US began to fall.

1. The prices of agricultural products fell and collapsed, exports declined. The peasants found it difficult to sell their harvest, and their indebtedness increased.

2. The rich farmer community like patidars of Gujarat and Jats who actively participated in freedom movement were hit hard by the depression and falling prices.

OR

Advertisements played an important role during the colonial era.

1. It created and expanded a consumer culture.

2. It shaped the minds of people and created new needs.

3. It made products more desirable and portrayed them as important for survival.

OR

With the advent of print media and newspaper, people were provided with leisure activities. The merchants used the newspaper in knowing the trend of the market. Reading became a trending activity; people preferred studying fictional, narrative stories, poems, and novels. Even women who were educated got themselves indulged into reading.

The printing products were in great demand and created new consumers for the British market.

Gandhiji professed Non-Cooperation because he believed that the British regime was established in India with the help of people and could be overthrown only when people start not to cooperate with them. Various methods were:

1. A boycott of foreign products.

2. Boycott the institutions of civil services, police, schools, etc.

3. Surrender the titles awarded by the British government.

OR

Gudmenl Hill was a large forest area in Andhra Pradesh.

The features of the rebellion are:

1. It was a Tribal Uprising, inspired by Gandhiji's idea of Swaraj.

2. The colonial government had closed the forest area of Gudem hill and prohibited the forest dwellers from entering to graze their cattle, collect fuelwood and fruits. This affected their livelihoods, and their traditional rights were denied.

3. The government forced the people of the region to work for them without paying for road building.

4. The people revolted, and a person named Alluri Sitaram Raju led them. He was inspired by Non-Cooperation movement of Gandhiji. But he believed India could be freed from British rule by violence.

5. The rebels attacked the police station and attempted to kill a British official.

6. Later Raju was captured and executed.

a. Igneous rocks and Metamorphic rocks: The minerals in these rocks exist in the cracks, crevices, faults or joints. When minerals are found in small amount is called veins and lodes when found in large amount.

When minerals are in liquid or molten or gaseous form, they are forced towards the earth surface. Then they cool and solidify as they rise. Minerals like copper, zinc are obtained from these rocks.

b. Sedimentary: The minerals in these rocks are found in beds or layers.

Coal and some other forms of iron ore have been concentrated for long periods under high pressure and heat. This deposition and accumulation and concentration in horizontal strata form these rocks.

Multipurpose river projects were initiated after independence. It was an integrated water resource management undertaken for the development and progress of the nation. After the independence, India was suffering from acute poverty, illiteracy, unemployment because of the economic draining policy by the British regime in the colonial past.

The dams were referred to as temples of India by Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru because:

1. Water was needed severely to strengthen the agriculture system. The dams would help water to reach out to the villages which were suffering from poor rainfall.

2. This would develop the agriculture and village economy with rapid industrialization.

OR

Multipurpose river projects were initiated after independence. It was an integrated water resource management undertaken for the development and progress of the nation. After the independence, India was suffering from acute poverty, illiteracy, unemployment because of the economic draining policy by the British regime in the colonial past.

In the past, there were movements like Narmada Bachao Aandolan and Tehri Dam Andolan etc. The main reason behind these movements were the personal losses caused to the regional people due to the construction of the respective dams. The locals on a large scale were displaced and had to give up their land and livelihood.

A political party is a group of people with a similar ideology, who contest elections and form a ruling government if they win the elections. Every member of a particular party works on the same front, their methods might differ, but their aim is the same. To run a democratic nation, it is important for the political parties to work fairly for the people.

The ways in which political reforms can be carried out are:

a. The legislative bodies could make laws for eliminating corruption from these parties.

b. People can put pressure upon the parties to make necessary changes in the party’s way of action.

c. The media can play an important role by providing correct information to the citizens.

OR

There are different types of the party system. There is a one-party system where only one party is allowed to run the government, like China. There is two parties system where only two parties contest election like the USA. A multi-party system where several parties contest the election. Eg. India

Advantages:

1. When two parties compete, there is a fair chance of winning.

2. It helps people in deciding whom to vote.

3. It makes the government more effective, and there is a fear of getting replaced.

Disadvantage:

1. The parties spend their time in undermining the other groups. In multi-party the parties form the coalition government with other smaller parties.

2. The two-party system leaves the people with just two options. In case someone doesn’t agree with both ideologies, s/he has no choice but cast a vote in favour of one of them.

The functions of money are:

a. Act as a medium of exchange for purchasing products: Influx of money has nullified the previously functioning barter system. People could purchase any item by paying the money of its value.

b. It is a store of value: To be a medium of exchange, the money must have some value. Money is more liquid.

c. Provides a common measure of the value: Knowing the price of the goods makes it easier for the supplier and consumer in selling and buying respectively.

OR

80% of farmers in India are small farmers, as they are depended upon seasons for the sowing of crops. Sometimes when there is inadequate rainfall, they fail at cropping and are in debt. This problem could be solved if they get credits from banks at low-interest rates.

A. By providing credits at reasonable rates, the banks would be of great help to these farmers.

B. Farmers along with cropping also need to sell their crops so that they could earn money and could repay their loan.

C. For selling the crops, they need easily available and cheap transport facility.

D. They had to buy fertilizers, seed, equipment, etc.

E. If they receive loans at a reasonable price, they could avail all the above easily.

Low level of inclusiveness towards banking defer the farmers from taking a loan from banks, and they sometimes borrow from big traders and money lenders. These traders sometimes charge too high and even seize their land when unable to repay — these informal sources of credit act as a burden for these small farmers.

Hence supervision of the functioning of formal sources of loans is necessary.

The causes of rural unemployment are:

A. Insufficient skill and education: The rural people are not much inclined to towards completing their education first and then entering the job field. They prefer early earning. They do not have the modern skill that would improve their efficiency at work.

B. Indulgence into primary sector: Producing goods by exploiting natural resources is called the primary sector. The rural people are more indulged towards agriculture. More than half of the population of the country are indulged in this sector and has lead to overcrowding hence people are offered low income.

C. Industrialization: this hasn’t reached most of the villages, and they are still deprived of modern days amenities and facilities.

The first image of Bharat Mata was created by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay. The image was first painted by Abanindranath Tagore. Bharat Mata was calm, divine and composed having four arms. She was carrying a mala, a white cloth, sheaves of rice and manuscripts. She wore a saffron saree.

Germania was the allegory of the German nation. Allegory refers to the use of an image or symbol to represent an abstract idea. Artist Philip Veit created the image of Germania which became the symbol of Germany. Germania was a female figure. She was seen standing against a beam of sunlight which shone through the tricolour flag. She wore a crown of oak leaves.

OR

Tonkin Free school was started by the French in Vietnam.

1. The French started French schools in Vietnam to counter the Chinese influence.

2. Schools were started with a decision to teach Vietnamese in lower classes and French in the higher classes.

3. Tonkin Free school was started in the year 1907.

4. Subjects like French, science and hygiene were taught in that school, and it followed the western style of education.

5. It was the culture of Vietnamese to keep long hair. Since the school followed western culture, it encouraged having a short haircut.

6. Vietnamese opposed it.

7. The Vietnamese teachers modified the text and started to criticize the statements against Vietnamese.

8. Many political parties like the Party of Young Annan were started, and journals were published.

Thus, schools paved the way for the political and cultural battles thus forming a larger part for battles against colonial education.

Opencast mining is also called Open pit mining.

1. Opencast mining is the method of extracting minerals when they are found near the earth’s surface.

2. The minerals are extracting through a borrow or an open pit.

3. Unlike other methods of mining, this does not require tunnelling into the earth.

The minerals are extracted through earth moving machinery.

Regional parties are those which exist in a particular state or region. The principles of a regional party are based on the culture and tradition of the state or region to which it belongs. The regional parties are concerned with the issues of regional or state importance. Some of the regional parties in India are:

1. Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam:

This is one of the leading regional party in Tamil Nadu.

2. All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam:

This is also the other leading regional party of Tamil Nadu.

3. Samajwadi Party:

The Samajwadi Party is the regional party in Uttar Pradesh.

4. Rashtriya Janata Dal:

Rashtriya Janata Dal is the regional political party of Bihar.

These regional parties will have influence in one or two states.

Democracy is the form of government which means ‘rule by the people’. US President Abraham Lincoln defines democracy as ‘a Government of the people, by the people and for the people’. The following are the outcomes of democracy.

1. Accountable Government:

In a democratic form of Government, the representatives are elected by the people. Since it is people’s government, the elected representatives are always accountable to them. If people are not happy with the performance of the government, they have the right to change it.

2. Responsive Government:

The democratic form of Government allows transparency in its functioning process. All the citizens of a democratic country have the right to know if a decision was taken through correct procedures. The other forms of Government do not vest the citizen with the right and means to examine the decision-making process.

3. Legitimate Government:

Democratic government is certainly a legitimate government. Hence, people of a democratic country wish to be ruled by the representatives elected by them. Even though the procedures may be slow or sometimes less efficient, the democratic Government is always people’s Government.

Hence, democratic government is always better than other forms of government.

A challenge is a difficulty that persuades one to reach a higher level than before. Challenges to democracy are those which different countries of the world face for the smooth functioning of the Government. Foundation challenge is one such challenge faced by democratic countries such as Poland, Iraq and Nepal.

1. Countries which do not have a democratic system of Government face this challenge.

2. The challenge is to make a transition from the monarchic rule to the democratic form.

3. These countries have to lay the foundation and make new laws and policies that are followed under democratic setup.

4. These countries have to keep the military away from interfering in the functions of Government, put an end to the existing non-democratic setup and establish a new sovereign state.

These are some of the foundational challenges faced by non-democratic countries.

A person who is in need of money borrows money from banks or other financial institutions.

1. The money lent to the borrower is called the loan.

2. The borrower has to furnish details of security to take a loan.

3. The security is in the form of assets that the borrower owns. It may be in the form of land, building or any other fixed assets.

4. These assets are used as security till the loan is repaid.

5. These assets of the borrower which is used as security to a loan are termed as Collateral.

In case, if the borrower fails to repay the loan, the lender can sell this collateral or the assets of the borrower and take his money.

The first clear expression of nationalism came with the French Revolution in 1789.

1. The French Revolution clearly asserted that the people constitute the nation and shape the destiny of the country.

2. The French nationalists tried to instil a sense of unity and oneness among the citizens.

3. They inculcated the ideas of the fatherland which was called la patrie in French and the citizen which was called le citoyen.

4. A new tricolour flag replaced the royal standard.

5. The French Revolution paved the way for the transfer of sovereignty from the Monarchy to a body of French Citizens.

6. French was adopted as a common language.

7. Uniform system of weights and measures was adopted thereby abolishing internal customs duties.

8. Napoleonic Code which was called The Civil Code of 1804 was introduced.

9. This code ensured the simplification of administrative divisions, the introduction of common currency, improvement in transport and communication etc.,

Thus, the French Revolution was a success.

OR

Huynh Phu So was a Buddhist scholar from Mekong Delta area.

1. He started the Hoa Hao Movement in the year 1939.

2. This movement was a popular anti-French uprising.

3. He helped the poor and opposed the sale of child brides.

4. He was against the use of alcohol and opium.

5. He performed miracles as well.

6. The French who were against Huynh Phu So tried to suppress the movement.

7. They called Phu So as Mad Bonze and sent him to an asylum.

8. They finally sent him on exile to Laos.

9. Many of his followers were sent to concentration camps.

Thus, the famous Hoa Hao movement was suppressed by the French.

The introduction of print technology brought down the production of books cheaper.

1. Many people started reading books.

2. All types were available in the market, and the number of readers increased.

3. A new culture of reading books emerged as access to books was easy.

4. Earlier, books were read only by literate people.

5. The publishers started printing books of popular ballads and folk tales with pictures so that illiterate people could listen to these.

6. The literate people read these tales and ballads to illiterate people, and even sacred texts could be read out to them.

7. The number of hearing public also increased gradually.

Thus, the advent of print brought the reading public and heard public closer.

OR

The novels that were written during the nineteenth and twentieth century tried to create a sense of pan-Indian belonging.

1. The Indian novelists wrote about the culture of India and developed a sense of pride and belonging among the Indians when the British thought the Indian culture to be inferior.

2. A novel written by Srinivasa Das expressed fear about the intermingling of the western and Indian culture. This novel brought out the right way to live, and it taught the way and importance to remain in one’s own culture and tradition.

3. The early twentieth century witnessed many women novelists too. These women wrote about women who changed the lives of men, love and the right to choose or refuse their relationships.

4. Titash Ekti Nadir Naam, an epic novel written by Advaita Malla Burman brings out the story of Ananta, a child born to parents who were separated. The child gets educated in the city. The novel also explains the lives of Mallas, their culture, tradition and animosity with peasants and the oppressive upper caste behaviour.

5. The actual political movements were much inspired by the novels about Marathi and Rajput warriors.

6. Many freedom fighters were inspired by Bankim’s Anandmath which was about a secret Hindu militia which fights against Muslims and establishes a Hindu kingdom.

7. Buddhadeb Mukhopadhyaya wrote Anguriya Binimoy in which Shivaji was portrayed as the Hero. He was seen fighting with the treacherous Aurangazeb and winning him, inspiring himself as nationalist fighting for Hindus.

8. Novels written by Premchand had characters from all sections of the society.

9. The novels made people imagine about the heroic past and made them take pride in our past. This created a sense of belonging and feeling of oneness among our Indians.

Thus, novels created a sense of pride, oneness and a feeling of patriotism in the minds of many people.

Biogas is used for domestic consumption in rural areas. It is a mixture of propane, butane, methane and hydrogen.

1. Biogas is produced from natural waste such as farm waste, animal and human waste.

2. Biogas has high thermal efficiency when compared to other fuels such as kerosene.

The benefits of biogas are as follows:

a. It is cheaper than other forms of fuel.

b. It provides many advantages to the farmers in the form of energy and quality manure.

c. It prevents deforestation of trees and manure due to the burning of fuelwood.

d. It also reduces water pollution.

e. It acts as a better alternative that saves time. It helps women from the daunting task of firewood collection.

Thus, the biogas is a low-cost technology and promotes a circular economy.

Sugarcane is one of the major commercial crops of India.

The geographical conditions required for the cultivation of sugarcane are as follows:

Temperature:

The cultivation of sugarcane requires temperature ranging between 21-27 degree centigrade.

Rainfall:

Sugarcane needs rainfall between 75-100 cm.

Soil:

It requires fertile alluvial soil.

a. Sugarcane is cultivated throughout the year.

b. Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana are some of the states where sugarcane is grown in abundance.

India is the second largest producer of sugarcane after Brazil.

There are different forms of power-sharing in democracies. These are Horizontal power-sharing, vertical division of power, Community Government and Coalition Government.

1. The power-sharing among different organs of Government is called Horizontal power sharing.

2. Power is shared among the legislature, executive and Judiciary.

3. Each and every organ of the Government is empowered to check the other.

4. This ensures a balance of power.

5. The elected representatives are responsible to their respective assemblies or the Parliament.

6. The functioning of the executives and the laws made by the legislatures are checked and monitored by the Judges who belong to the Judiciary.

This method of the balance of power is called a system of checks and balances.

There are many challenges faced by a democratic country. Casteism, communalism, poverty, illiteracy etc., are some of the challenges.

1. The Government carefully monitors the situation and enacts new Laws and makes some amendments to the constitution.

2. However, these changes alone cannot help in overcoming the challenges.

3. The political parties who differ in their opinion always pose a threat.

4. In a populated country like India, it is very difficult to implement the legal changes made from time to time.

5. For example, many laws have been passed to abolish dowry. Still, there are many rural villages who are not aware of this Act and hence dowry still persists in those communities.

6. Even among the educated population, dowry is still in practice as a status symbol.

7. Many laws have come up against child marriage but still, people of remote villages who are stuck to their million-year-old traditions are not ready to come out of that and child marriage is still in practice.

8. Education is made compulsory by law up to the age of fourteen, but due to poverty many of the rural population and Below Poverty Line send their children as daily wage earners.

These are some examples to prove that legal-constitutional changes alone cannot overcome the challenges in democracy unless the citizens of a country are ready to change themselves.

There is always gender discrimination in society. Women are treated inferior to men.

1. Girls are not even given basic education that is needed for their self-sufficiency.

2. Women are not allowed to go out to work. They are destined to do household chores.

3. Even educated women are not treated with respect at their workplaces.

4. Women are not allowed to represent themselves in organizational activities.

5. Women face domestic violence.

6. Women are discriminated against within their own homes.

Thus, even though women have been granted basic rights, people neglect them.

Exploitation in consumer market takes place in many ways. Some of the common ways of getting exploited are:

1. Adulteration:

Adulteration refers to the mixing of harmful or inferior substances to edible and other food items.

2. Tall claims:

Advertisements contain tall claims about a product. Consumers fall as a prey to these tall claims and buy these products.

3. Underweights and under measurements:

Retail traders cheat the consumers by underweighting the goods purchased. This can be commonly seen among vegetable vendors and grocers.

Consumers can protect themselves from these sorts of exploitation by adopting these following ways:

1. Customers must be aware of the adulteration practices and make sure the food safety and standard measures are followed strictly. They must know about their rights, and they can even approach consumer court if they come across with adulterated products.

2. Consumers must verify if the product is genuine and they should go through the terms and conditions shown in the advertisement. Generally, these terms are mentioned in the very small font to avoid the attention of consumers.

3. Consumers should ensure that the weights used by the small traders adhere to the regulations laid by the authorities. Else, they should raise their voice against them.

Even though exploitation has become inevitable, the awareness among consumers may keep them protected.

The development of a country can be determined on the basis of various indicators. The following are some of the social indicators of development:

a. Per Capita Income:

Per Capita Income refers to the average income. It is obtained by dividing the total income of the country by its total population.

b. Life expectancy:

Life expectancy is the average number of years that a person is expected to live.

c. Education:

The economic development of the country can be made feasible by the educated population. This refers to the literacy ratio of a country.

d. Health:

A healthy person can work hard and can generate more income to himself thus contributing to the development of the country’s economy.

Human Development (HD) uses a combination of the above development factors to measure development.

The economic activities of a country can be classified into three namely-primary, secondary and tertiary sector.

Primary Sector:

The primary sector of economic activities is those which requires the direct use of natural resources. For example, agriculture, fishing etc.,

Secondary Sector:

The economic activities in which the natural products takes other forms through other manufacturing activities are known as Secondary Sector. For example, Sugarcane gets converted to sugar or jaggery after going through manufacturing processes.

Tertiary Sector:

The economic activities that help the development of the primary and secondary sectors are called Tertiary Sector. For example, banking, transportation etc.,

1. The Primary sector is the fundamental or basic sector of the three.

2. This is because it produces raw materials for the manufacturing of goods in the secondary sector.

3. The secondary sector collects these raw materials and makes use of them in the industries.

4. The manufactured goods are then used by the tertiary sector for providing goods and services to all.

5. The tertiary sector is the money earning one, and it supports the growth of the primary and secondary sector.

6. Without the primary sector the secondary sector would not survive, and without the tertiary sector, the primary would not survive.

Hence, all the three sectors of the Indian economy are highly interdependent on each other.

The Second World War resulted in huge economic effect all over the world.

1. The economic condition of the colonial nations was devastated by the Second World War.

2. Financial organisations like the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank were established to revive the global economy.

3. The need for mass production and mass consumption was realized. This was learnt from the expenses of the world war.

4. The Soviet Union emerged as a serious threat to the capitalist economy.

5. The United States emerged as a superpower.

6. Many parts of Europe and Asia were destroyed.

The world faced an inevitable economic loss that a new International economic order was formulated by NAM countries.

OR

Proto-industrialization refers to the period before or the beginning of industrialization.

It refers to the industries that existed in Europe before the advent of modern machine based industries.

Large-scale production of goods took place in the countryside.

1. Many artisans and peasants worked for the merchants.

2. They lived in the countryside.

3. Cultivation was done in the small land holdings that they had.

4. All the family members of the peasants and artisans contributed to the production as all of them were involved.

5. This generated more income, and this served as an additional income to them.

These were the impact of proto-industrialization on the rural peasants and artisans.

OR

Durgacharan Roy wrote the novel Debganer Martye Aagaman (The Gods visit Earth).

1. In this novel, Lord Brahma along with other Gods visits the city of Calcutta.

2. These Gods were very much delighted to see the amenities in a city life such as bridges, good roads, transportation and a variety of products.

3. The novel explains the opportunities in city life such as quality education, employment, factories etc.,

4. At the same time, the Gods were surprised to see many thieves, cheats and riots etc.,

5. Roy brings forth the contrasting features of the city such as luxury and poverty, hunger and diet etc.,

The features of the city in the view of Gods are very interestingly narrated in the novel.

The defeat of Ottoman Turkey in the First World war led to the Khilafat movement.

1. The Khalifa, the spiritual head of the Islamic world was imposed a harsh peace treaty after the failure in the war.

2. The Khalifa was the Ottoman emperor.

3. He lost his temporal powers.

4. Two Muslim brothers, Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali began discussing starting a movement that could retain Khalifa’s temporal powers.

5. Khilafat Committee was formed in the year 1919 in Bombay.

6. These two brothers, along with other young Muslim leaders discussed with Mahatma Gandhiji about the possibility of united mass action on the issue.

7. Gandhiji used this opportunity to unite

all Muslims which would strengthen the Indian National Movement.

The Khilafat movement united all the Muslims which enabled united agitation against the Britishers in India.

OR

The Non-Cooperation movement took different forms in different social groups.

1. For the plantation workers in Assam, the Non-Cooperation movement was taken as Swaraj movement. Swaraj means complete independence.

2. The plantation workers were not permitted to leave the tea-gardens as per the provisions of Inland Immigration Act, 1859.

3. For these workers, freedom or swaraj was considered the right to move freely in and out of restricted space.

4. They also interpreted Swaraj as the right to stay in link with their own villages.

5. Hence, when they heard of the Non-Cooperation movement, many of the workers defied the authorities and went home.

6. They believed that upon Gandhiji’s arrival, everyone would be granted land in their villages.

7. The Non-Cooperation movement was the first widespread nationalist movement against British dominance.

8. The movement reached out to all classes of the Indian society right from the business class to the oppressed

The movement inculcated the feeling of Swaraj in the minds of each and every Indian.

The man has started depleting the nature for his own benefits. Deforestation, overgrazing, construction and mining are some human activities that have resulted in land degradation.

In India, nearly 130 million hectares of land is being degraded.

1. Fifty-six per cent of the land is degraded because of water.

2. Twenty-eight per cent of the land is degraded because of deforestation.

3. Ten per cent of the land is degraded because of wind erosion.

4. Six per cent of the land is degraded because of agriculture, modern form inputs and chemical waste.

Some of the factors which are responsible for land degradation in India are:

1. Mining is the primary factor of land degradation.

2. Deforestation in the states of Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha and Chhattisgarh etc., due to mining has resulted in land degradation.

3. Overgrazing is the reason for land degradation in states like Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra.

4. Industrial effluents also contribute a major part of the land pollution.

5. Over-irrigation causes waterlogging leading to an increase in salinity and alkalinity in the soil. This can be seen in states like Punjab, Haryana and parts of western Uttar Pradesh.

6. Mining sites which are abandoned leave traces of over-burdening.

Thus, many factors including human activities cause degradation.

The manufacturing sector is the backbone of economic development of a country.

1. Manufacturing sector helps in the development of industries.

2. Industries help in generating employment right from skilled to the unskilled sector. This help in creating employment opportunities and eradication of poverty.

3. Many industries are set up in the tribal and backward areas thus removing the regional disparities.

4. Manufactured goods are exported to foreign countries thereby generating foreign income.

5. Industries help in boosting agricultural production. For example, fertilizer industries provide better fertilizers which result in high crop yield.

Thus, manufacturing industries help in developing a country’s economy.

OR

Industrial development has resulted in the increase in pollution of air, water, land and noise. The following measures can be implemented to control industrial pollution:

1. Oil or gas can be used instead of coal in the factories. This will help in reducing smoke.

2. Fitting of silencers in generators and redesigning of machinery to increase energy efficiency will help in reducing noise pollution.

3. Smokestacks can be fitted to factories with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators can help in the reduction of particulate matter in the air.

4. High chimneys can be used to reduce air pollution.

5. Promoting afforestation by planting many plants around the industrial areas.

6. Adopting methods of the wastewater recycling system.

The rapid growth in industries has contributed to the economic development of the country. At the same time, the rate of pollution caused affects the ecological balance.

The political expression of social division in a democracy is beneficial in the following ways:

1. People from backward and underprivileged sections of the society are able to put forth their grievances and petitions thus pressurizing the Government to solve their issues.

2. A healthy environment is created by resolving the conflicts with the help of political expression.

3. Political power is distributed to all classes of people in order to accommodate social division. This enables to eliminate social injustice and promote equality.

Thus, political expression help in carving out a successful democracy.

OR

Social differences are based accident of birth. It can be well understood from the following:

1. People generally do not choose to live in a particular community. They have to accept the community in which they are born.

2. Also, people belong to the same religion, but different community do not stay in close relationship with each other. They differ in their tradition, culture, way of living etc.,

Social differences refer to the division of people based mostly on the caste, creed, race and the social and economic status.

Social divisions refer to the division of society on the basis of language, culture, region, religion and gender.

Globalization is definitely an advantage to both producers and consumers.

Advantages to producers:

1. Globalization increases the standard of production by investing in newer technologies and improved production methods.

2. Large companies have emerged as Multinational companies due to globalization.

Advantages to consumers:

1. Consumers get quality goods at lower prices because of heavy competition that has resulted due to globalization.

2. This has led to a better standard of living.

Globalization has been a benefit for the development of a country’s economy.

OR

MNCs are the Multi-National Companies. These MNCs set up their production centres in those areas where there is an abundance of cheap labour, proximity to the markets and availability of other factors of production.

These MNCs spread their production units across the globe in the following ways:

a. Partnership with local companies:

MNCs produce goods by joining hands with some of the local companies. These local companies take money from MNCs for additional investments, and they make use of the latest technology for the production brought in by MNCs.

b. Buying local companies or competing with local companies:

The MNCs expand their business by buying the local companies and increase their production.

c. Supplying through local companies:

MNCs place their order with small local producers. These products are then supplied to the MNCs. These MNCs sell these goods under their own names. Generally, the MNCs fix the price and quality of these products even though small producers produce them.

Thus, the Multi-National companies control and spread their production across the globe.

Exchange of goods against goods is termed as Barter System.

Limitations of the barter system:

1. This system is time-consuming due to the presence of double coincidence of wants.

2. There is no fixed or standard value for the goods and services used in this system.

3. It is difficult to store goods/commodities used in this system.

4. Living goods are indivisible.

Hence, we see that the barter system poses a real threat to convenience and ease of transaction of goods.

Lahore

Champaran district of Bihar.

(1) A. Red and Yellow Soil

B. Rajasthan

(2) C. Coimbatore

D. Kaiga

Rowlatt Act was passed in 1919. Mahatma Gandhi and other leaders were against it. Hence, they decided to launch Satyagraha.

1. Rallies were organised, and processions were held.

2. Shops were picketed.

3. Workers went on strike.

4. When post offices and banks were attacked, policemen in Amritsar fired upon the peaceful protestors.

5. Martial law was imposed under General Dyer.

The purpose of the Martial law was to put an end to the activities of the Indian leaders and to avoid public gatherings.

The nation-state is referred to as a region in which its rulers and citizens came to develop a sense of common identity and shared history or descent.

OR

Phan Boi Chau formed the Revolutionary Society in the year 1903.

1. Phan Boi Chau was a great nationalist of Vietnam.

2. His aim was to liberalise Vietnam from the French rule.

3. His main goal to drive the enemy out of the country.

4. He was influenced by China.

5. He wanted to use monarchy to achieve his goal of Vietnam independence.

Phan Boi Chau wanted to take the help of the court to resist the French.

High-grade haematite ore is found in Mayurbhanj and Khendjuhar district in Odisha.

Majoritarianism is a traditional political philosophy or agenda which asserts that a majority of the population is entitled to a certain degree of primacy in society and has the right to make decisions that affect the society.

The 73^rd and 74^th constitutional amendments of 1992 deal with local self-government at rural and urban levels.

The Party system is not something any country can choose easily.

(i) It evolves ever a long time, depending on the nature of its society, its social and regional divisions, its history of politics and its system of elections.

(ii) These cannot be amended very hurriedly.

(iii) Each country matures a party system that is trained by its special conditions. No system is ideal for all countries and all situations.

Thus, a party system is chosen after considering many factors.

The World Trade Organization aims to liberalize international trade.

Explanation:

The World Trade Organization is an international organization and started its operations in January 1995.

It was established to supervise and liberalize world trade.

The importance of Indian trade for the British are-

a. The British exported cotton from India to England, which in turn helped their mills flourish.

b. They earned huge profits during the first World War, but there was a huge development in defence expenditure after the war.

c. They would scarcely pay the Indian labourers but flourish through foreign trade themselves.

d. Indian labourers were forced to work in tea plantations without even being allowed to move out of the vicinity.

Hence, we can say that the British benefitted merely by revelling in the sufferings of the Indians.

OR

A series of inventions and developments in the 19^th century increased the efficacy of cotton mills and their production.

a. The production process was boomed by the new and intricate methods of carding, spinning and weaving.

b. Richard Arkwright then created the milling machine/ cotton mill which reduced the dependency on heavy and expensive machinery.

c. All the production processes were brought under the same roof.

d. This permitted the better supervision of the mills and labour regulation, which was not possible when merchants traded.

Thus, innovations and inventions brought about a change in the quality of goods.

OR

Underground railways were built with the purpose of enabling a large number of people to live outside Central London and travel to work. But a few demerits had to be overcome to make it a success.

a. The construction of the tube railway system accounted for mass destruction. Buildings and houses were uprooted, and people were displaced.

b. Heaps and heaps of trash and junk were piled in the city which became breeding grounds for disease-causing viruses.

Hence, London tube railway system was considered as iron monsters by the public because it shattered their lives.

Satyagraha was a novel method of mass agitation which was followed by Mahatma Gandhi.

1. Satyagraha believed that if the cause for the fight is true and against injustice, then there is no need to use violence or physical force to win.

2. It follows the principles of truth, Satyagraha and non-violence.

3. The emphasis was laid on truth and the need to search for it.

4. The oppressor was made to accept the truth by appealing to his conscience.

Thus, the idea of Satyagraha won the freedom for India.

Coal is the most abundantly found fossil fuel in India.

Coal has three major types- bituminous, anthracite and lignite.

Characteristics of coal-

a. Bituminous: most used type of coal. High-grade varieties are used for industrial purposes.

b. Peat: It contains less than 40% carbon. Apart from that, it has a lot of volatile matter and moisture.

c. Anthracite: It is the highest grade of coal available in the markets. Hard with low moisture content.

d. Lignite: It is of inferior quality with high moisture content and a soft texture.

Anthracite is called Black diamond because of its value and uses.

The Indian tourism industry has developed significantly.

1. Tourism has helped to generate foreign exchange.

2. Tourism helps to promote our culture and heritage.

3. It enhances national integrity.

4. Various tourism activities like agro-tourism, cultural tourism, eco-tourism, adventure tourism etc., attracts tourists from all over the world.

Thus, Indian tourism, which is emerging as a popular industry, has employed many people thereby increasing individual as well.

Social differences refer to the division of people based mostly on the caste, creed, race and the social and economic status.

Social divisions refer to the division of society on the basis of language, culture, region, religion and gender.

The term 'political participation' has a very wide meaning.

a. It relates to both the Right to Vote and the participation in various political activities such as decision making, voting, etc.

b. The participation of women in such activities and the election to office is very less as compared to men.

c. The two areas with high women's’ participation are voting and political activism.

d. To eradicate the rampant gender inequality in India, the government has introduced welfare schemes and reservation policies.

e. During the early period, when women were confined to household chores also, activists like Kasturba Gandhi and Sarojini Naidu came to limelight.

f. The early female political leaders were very calm and had extended thinking beyond politics.

g. Today’s modern women have become an active part of all kinds of political activities.

h. They have stepped out of their homes and started to represent their ideas and grievances through their own political organisations or social groups.

There is a major difference in the political activities of the women of the early and modern period.

Political parties play a major role in strengthening federalism in a democratic country like India.

1. Regional parties take the regional issues to the national stage and find a solution.

2. They have different agendas, and hence the Parliament of India is diverse.

3. They form an alliance with the National party and thus help in the formation of the Coalition Government if such situation arises.

4. Many social groups and communities represent their demands through regional parties.

5. They assist the Union Government in solving local issues thus sharing the burden.

The Regional parties check the National Government in the execution of its power thereby strengthening federalism and democracy.

We find growing economic inequalities in the democratic system of government.

a. A highly disproportionate amount of wealth is concentrated in the hands of a few upper-class/rich households.

b. The share of such households in the economy is growing notwithstanding.

c. Those at the bottom of the caste hierarchy/ society have very little to depend upon both in terms of money and health.

d. Their incomes have been dawdling with the passage of time. They even find it difficult to scrape a set of square meals at times.

e. The poor constitute a large proportion of our voters, and no party prefers losing the elections.

f. Yet, the question of economic inequalities has not been addressed by the government as expected.

In reality, democracies do not appear to be very successful in reducing economic inequalities.

The consumer is the king of business. But it is seen that these consumers are often exploited due to unfair trade practices.

1. Consumer Protection Act (COPRA) was passed in the year 1986 to protect the interest of consumers.

2. A consumer should be aware of the provisions of the Act.

3. A consumer has the right to seek redressal against exploitation or any form of unfair practices.

4. He has the right to get compensation depending on the degree of damage.

5. Under COPRA, three-tier judiciary at District, State and National levels are established to enable effective and efficient redressal of disputes and grievances of the consumers.

Consumers can thus prevent the exploitation and unscrupulous trade practices which are prevalent.

Environmental degradation refers to the undesirable changes in the environment which affects the ecological balance and the ecosystem. Environmental degradation occurs as a result of depletion of natural resources, the causes of which can be either man-made or natural.

Consequences of environmental degradation do not respect national or state boundaries.

a. The future of the entire human population is linked. Hence, sustainable development is each and everybody’s responsibility.

b. Different countries of the world have now joined hands to discuss the issue.

c. Natural calamities such as global warming, ozone layer depletion etc. cannot be controlled by a single nation, and hence are to be discussed by all the countries.

This issue is no longer a regional or national issue. This has become a global issue.

The public sector contributes a lot to the economic development of a nation.

a. The promotion of rapid economic growth takes place through infrastructure development.

b. Employment opportunities are created.

c. Public sector produces financial support which is required for development.

d. It ensures the equality of income, and hence equal economic development.

e. It encourages the development of small, medium and cottage industries through markets and transport facilities.

f. It ensures the easy availability of goods at subsidized rates.

Apart from this, it also contributes to community development through the introduction of BMI (Body Mass Index).

People of Poland kept the nationalist feelings alive during the 18^th and 19^th centuries.

1. Emphasis was laid on collecting old folklore that could revive the traditions and inculcate the spirit of nationalism in the minds of illiterate masses.

2. Music was used as a medium to keep the spirits alive. Karol Kurpinski turned folk dances and mazurka into nationalist symbols and carried on the struggle through his music.

3. The use of Polish, the vernacular language played an important role in arousing nationalist feelings. Polish was used in churches and gatherings as a result of which many bishops were imprisoned. This was because they refused to preach in Russian.

Thus, nationalist feelings were kept alive across the country even though Poland did not exist as an independent country after the partition in the 18^th century.

OR

Vietnam was divided into North and South Vietnam. The following are the circumstances which led to its division.

1. Viet Minh was formed to fight against the Japanese when Japan occupied Vietnam in 1940.

2. Ho Chi Minh became the Chairman of Viet Minh which recaptured Hanoi in the year 1945.

3. The Viet Minh had to retreat to the hills when the French tried to regain control with their puppet emperor Bao Dai.

4. This became a cold war between the Soviet Union and the United States.

5. The French supported Britain and the United States whereas Ho Chi Minh was supported by China and the Soviet Union.

6. About sixteen thousand French troops faced a big defeat at Dien Bien Phu against the Viet Minh in the year 1954.

7. The French Government negotiated with the Republic of Vietnam.

8. Vietnam was divided into North and South Vietnam as per the provisions of The Geneva Agreement of 21^st July 1954.

Thus, the establishment of the Viet Minh and the victory against the French troops led to the division of Vietnam. The division of Vietnam set in motion a series of events which made the country into a battlefield.

There was a significant and reformative innovation in print technology during the late 19^th and early 20^th century.

1. Richard M Hoe of New York innovated the power-driven cylindrical press. This was capable of printing more than eight thousand sheets per hour.

2. The development in offset printing was remarkable. This offset print could print up to six colours at a time.

3. Printing processes were speeded up by the electrically operated presses during the twentieth century.

4. Other developments like improved quality of plates, photoelectric controls of the colour register, innovative ways of feeding paper were introduced in the early twentieth century. This helped in speeding up the process of printing.

The improvements in printing technology with attractive colour printing attracted a wide range of readers from kids to adults.

OR

The novels in Hindi owes its origin to the nineteenth century.

1. Bhartendu Harishchandra was the pioneer of modern Hindi Literature.

2. Srinivas Das of Delhi wrote the first Hindi novel in 1882 titled Pariksha-Guru which means The Master Examiner.

3. Chandrakanta was a very popular novel. It was written by Devaki Nandan Khatri.

4. Premchand’s novels like Sewasadan meaning The Abode of Service changed people’s views about novels. The living conditions of the people and the social issues were brought to the limelight.

The plight of Hindi novels changed its focus from the world of fantasy to real life conditions. This attracted more reading population.

Urbanisation is considered to be a development which has helped in the standard of living of the human population. Industrialization and urbanization are beneficial to the human population but at the same time pose a threat to the other natural resources.

a. Many multinational companies are being set up in India, and they consume a large amount of water and resources, putting pressure on existing resources.

b. 22% of the total electricity produced in India comes from hydroelectricity. Industrial units have not only polluted the water but also contributed to the huge consumption of water.

c. Improvement in the quality of lifestyle has resulted in a higher level of consumption due to increased technological and infrastructural demand.

d. Housing societies overexploit the water resources, especially during the summers, to meet their personal needs.

e. The pollution and industrial consumption of water should be controlled, especially freshwater.

Freshwater resources which are endangered global resource are further disturbed by intensive industrialization and urbanization.

Agriculture is the backbone of Indian economy.

1. Agriculture is the primary occupation of most of the people.

2. It is the source of raw materials to the secondary sector.

3. The surplus agricultural products have been exported to other countries thus helping in generating foreign income.

4. Improvements in agriculture have helped in achieving self-sufficiency.

5. The increase in agricultural income has increased the per capita income of the farmers.

Thus, agriculture has made a major contribution to the development of Indian economy.

OR

The Government of India has taken several measures to improve the standard of agriculture as well as the farmers.

1. The Government supplies High Yield Variety seeds and fertilizers at a cheaper rate.

2. Sanctioning of loans to farmers has been made easy.

3. Zamindari system has been abolished, and illegal holdings of land have been kept under check.

4. Exploitation is prevented by announcing Minimum Support Price.

5. Several Insurance schemes and crop protection schemes are introduced.

6. Farmers are provided with technical assistance and training.

These measures have improved agriculture to a major extent.

Democracy can be deepened and reformed.

1. Democracy can be strengthened by the active participation of people.

2. People can check the work of their elected representatives.

3. The influence of the rich and powerful in the Governmental decisions should be controlled or prevented completely.

Thus, democracy can be reformed with the collective efforts of people.

OR

The expanded scope of democracy in the modern world can be explained as follows:

1. Citizens of a democratic country should be granted social and economic rights.

2. Power sharing is extended between the different levels of government and other social groups.

3. The minority are also allowed to raise their voice against any sort of injustice.

4. Steps are taken to prevent racial, caste and religious discrimination.

Thus, the narrow definition of democracy has been widened in the modern world.

Banks take deposits from the customers and lend money to the needy in the form of loans.

1. Banks have to follow certain regulations which are framed by Reserve Bank of India before sanctioning loans.

2. Different types of loans like Housing loan, vehicle loan, personal loan etc., have different procedures.

3. It is the primary responsibility of the banks to scrutinize the credentials of the borrower.

4. Generally, for all kinds of loans, banks will take collateral, which is the security.

5. Also, they check the repaying capacity of the borrower.

6. People who cannot produce collateral cannot be granted the loan.

7. Even, if the previous records show any default in repayment, then also banks cannot offer loans.

These are the reasons for which banks may not be willing to sanction loans to certain borrowers.

However, producing proper security and providing a suitable guarantee for the repayment of loan can be done to solve this issue.

There is a significant development in transportation, communication and information technology in the past decades.

1. The improvement in information and communication has enabled faster communication through the internet.

2. Messages can be received and sent to all parts of the world in a fraction of a second.

3. Improvement in transport has helped the export and import of goods at a faster rate.

4. Money can be transferred very easily through online banking facilities.

Thus, it can be rightly said that the improvement in technology and transport has stimulated the process of

globalization.

OR

The impact of Globalisation on India can be well understood from the following:

1. Globalisation has created heavy competition among the companies.

2. Many companies such as Tata Motors, Ranbaxy have emerged as MultiNational Companies.

3. Globalisation has created a lot of employment opportunities.

4. Business Process Outsourcing, Knowledge Process Outsourcing, data entry etc., have become the major source of income for many educated youths.

5. There is a significant increase in FDI(Foreign Direct Investment).

Globalisation has thus created a positive impact on the Indian economy.

Champaran in Bihar

(1) A. Kerala

B. National highway 44 is connecting Varanasi and Kanyakumari.

(2) C. Bhubaneshwar Software Technology Park

D. Tehri Dam

Hind Swaraj.

Hind Swaraj was written by Gandhiji in 1909. It means Indian Home Rule. He had focused on Swaraj and mechanization of the country. This was his first book which he had written while travelling from London to South Africa in the Gujarati language.

Das Yolk was a daily newspaper published in Berlin, Germany.

It was a newspaper that began its publication from July 1945 and continued till April 1946, in Berlin. It was the newspaper of the Social Democratic party of Germany. Otto Meier was the editor in chief on the same.

OR

The Scholar’s Revolt

This was an anti-French movement started in Vietnam against the spread of Christianity. It was led by the officials at the Imperial court. They were anti-Christianity and wanted to spread monarchy. This had killed approximately 2000 people, mainly in the Ngu An and Ha Tein.

Bellary- Chitradurga-Chikmagalur-Tumkur belt

EXPLANATION: The largest reserve of iron ore is found in this belt. It is situated in Karnataka. It lies on the Western Ghats in the Kundermukh mines. It is then transported to Mangalore through pipelines.

A political party gets the status of a national party when it

1. Gets minimum 6% of valid votes polled in any 4 or more states during the Lok Sabha election or to the State Legislative Assembly.

2. Plus, it gets 4 seats in Lok Sabha from a single state or more than one state.

3. Wins 2% seats in Lok Sabha and these members are elected from 3 different states.

4. It is recognized as a state party in 4 different states.

In India, the six main national parties are BJP, Congress, CPI, CPI(M), BSP AND NCP.

Challenge of expansion of democracy is faced by the democratic government, where they have to apply the basic principle of democracy across all the political, economic and social regions.

A democratic government has to expand its ideas, approaches, and principles to all the areas. All the social, economic and political groups have to fall into this category. Women and minority groups should also be involved in this challenge of the expansion of democracy.

To represent poverty among the black.

In 1968, Mexico Olympics, John Carlos along with Tommie Smith received their winner medals wearing only black socks and no shoes. This was to express the poverty among the black and draw international attention to the racial discrimination faced by them. They raised their black-gloved fist during the playing of national anthem. Many people around the globe were outraged and expressed support towards this action.

Foreign investment means the direct flow of capital from one country to another for ownership of domestic companies and assets.

Foreign investment is important for the growth of the economy of a country. A large inflow of foreign investment is required to increase the pace of economic development. There are 3 different types of Foreign investment - Foreign Direct Investment, Foreign portfolio investment, and Foreign Institutional Investment.

Yes, print popularized the ideas of the enlightenment thinkers in the following ways :

1. Debates began among the scholars that the ruling must be done on the basis of reason and not on the customary ideas.

2. More importance was to be given to rationality.

3. The Church was attacked, and the normal social order based on tradition was challenged.

4. Voltaire and Rosseau were among the popular writers. They became famous through their writings, and the people began to see a world based on logic.

5. In conclusion, the writings of thinkers commented and criticized the existing customs and traditions.

OR

Many novels were written that depicted the lives of peasants and low castes such as :

1. Many Bengali novels such as Titash Ekti Nadir Naam depicted their lives. It is an epic by Advaita Malla. It is about a community called Malla that are fishermen and live off from the earnings made at river Titash.

2. Potheri Kunjumbu from Kerala wrote a novel-Saraswativijayam based on the caste oppression.

3. Munshi Premchand wrote many novels which had a wide range of people ranging from aristocrats and landlords to the peasants and other low caste segments of the society. He wrote about the oppression faced by women in the form of child marriage, domestic violence, and dowry practice.

The Bretton Woods Conference was held from 1 July to 2 July 1944 in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, United States. It had 730 delegates from 44 nations. It was formed for the international monetary and financial order after the Second World War. Three main decisions were taken at the Bretton Woods Conference :

1. An article of agreement was created to set up the IMF- International Monetary Fund, to promote exchange rate stability and financial flow.

2. Articles of agreement were created to set up the IBRD- International Bank for Reconstruction and Development for the reconstruction of countries after the damage caused by the Second World War, through extending loans.

3. Steps for international economic cooperation.

OR

The British wanted to establish direct control over the weavers but could not do so as the existing traders were closely linked with the weavers. Both the traders and weavers usually belonged to the same village and had a good social relationship. The British then removed all such traders and appointed Gomastha to supervise the weavers and have better control over them. However, there were clashes between the weavers and gomasthas due to the following reasons :

1. The Gomasthas was very arrogant and had no close relationship with the weavers.

2. Once, an order was placed, the weavers could take loans for raw material. But, these loans could be sanctioned only by the Gomasthas.

3. The workers were given a lot of work with a very short deadline. If they failed to finish the work, the Gomasthas came to the village with Sepoys. The weavers were then punished.

OR

After the Maratha defeat in the Anglo Maratha war, Bombay became the capital of Bombay Presidency in 1519. The city expanded quickly. People such as traders, businessmen, etc. migrated and settled in Bombay. This was due to the widespread projects of cotton mills. The increase in population without the same amount of land led to settlement issues. Bombay did not grow as per the plan mainly because of the scarcity of land. The land available was used for new projects. Such as the plan to build a great seawall in 1784 and the Back Bay Reclamation Project in 1864. The people were living in close quarters with a just 9.5-meter square yard of space. Since the homes were too small, the streets were used for other activities. Approximately 70% of the people lived in marshy lands and slums. Hence, although Bombay was a face developing city, it posed many problems as there was no proper planning done beforehand.

Petroleum as an energy resource: Petroleum has many by-products such oil. This is a major form of energy in industries. Diesel and gasoline were used in gas turbines to produce electricity. The heavier oils are used for the central lighting system in many shops and offices. The lighter grades of oil are used for domestic purpose.

Petroleum as an industrial raw material: Both petrochemical and chemical industries use petroleum by-products as raw materials. Petro-products are used to produce chemical fertilizer, synthetic fibre, synthetic rubber, nylon, plastics, perfumes, paints, carbon black sulphur, pesti �cides, insecticides, dyes etc. Also, all the lubricants from petroleum are used in the transport industry. Many sophisticated types of machinery require lubricants.

Chotanagpur plateau extends from West Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, and eastern Madhya Pradesh. It is also called Damodar Basin. The reason why this region has the maximum concentration of the iron and steel industry are as follows:

1. Iron ore and coal are found in abundance, in close proximity to each other. This makes it a suitable location for setting up an iron and steel industry. Other minerals like limestone, bauxite, and manganese are also available in good quantity.

2. It is easier to get labour from nearby areas of Bihar and Orissa.

3. This region has a well-connected transported system. This makes it easier to transport raw material and finished goods from one place to another. This is also situated near a port, making it more suitable.

The current world is dominated by political parties. The news channels are continuously reporting the views of one or the other political party leader. With the growth of social media, people are expressing their positive and negative views about the government. It is very difficult to imagine a situation where there are no political parties. It would lead to a huge chaotic situation.

Firstly, each country has its own set of ministers responsible for different areas, such as education, defence, foreign affairs etc. They have the required knowledge to do their work. But if they are removed, an ordinary man might not have the knowledge which is necessary for the best work of each department. Secondly, with the diversity in every country, it is important for a central figure to maintain harmony and peace among all. If there is no central figure, all sections of the society will be further divided. Thirdly, a political party considers the nation as a whole. In their absence, the people will think about their own interest and not the betterment of the nation.

The two basic values that will be lacking in a normal citizen would be the lack of political empowerment and the democratic knowledge required to manage a country.

It is extremely important for a country to have political parties. They are a voice of the public as they help for the transfer of ideas from the general to the masses.

The Sinhalese Government stated an Act in 1956. This was the Official Language Act No. 03, 1956, under which English was recognized as the official language of Ceylon along with Sinhalese. This Act did not give official recognition to Tamil. The Sri Lankan Tamils felt alienated due to the following reasons :

1. They felt that none of the political parties gave importance to their language and culture.

2. They felt that they were denied equal political rights.

3. They realized that the government would discriminate them and they will not get proper employment opportunities.

Thus, the relation between the Sri Lankan Tamils and Sinhalese strained over time.

The concept of Indian government is quasi-federal. It is federal in nature and unitary in practicality. The term federal government means the two-tier government, i.e., Centre and State. This is suited for small countries, but for a country as vast as India, this becomes difficult to manage. So, the concept of the three-tier government was borrowed from the British Parliamentary model of Governance. For long, the two-tier system was in practice. But, after the Constitution (Seventy-third) Amendment Act, 1992 and the Constitution (Seventy-fourth) Amendment Act, 1993, the concept of three-tier was considered to be important. The third tier consists of the local government. It comprises of Panchayati Raj and Municipal bodies. So, the three tiers of government are:

1. CENTRAL GOVERNMENT: It is the topmost and central tier of government. It has dominance over the other 2 tiers. It checks in the matters of Union list.

2. STATE GOVERNMENT: This comes after the Central government. They check in the matters of State list. Different states enjoy different powers.

3. LOCAL GOVERNMENT: It works with the State Government for the functioning of the state. It is generally involved in public work programmes.

The Indian social structure is largely influenced by the caste system. It has deeply affected the economic, social and mainly the political conditions in our country. Although it has reduced in the social and economic areas, it has increased over time in the political field, especially after India gained Independence.

The impact of the caste system on the Indian democratic system can be described in the following ways :

1. Impact of caste during the selection of a leader: Every person is born with a caste. Either he has a High caste or a Schedule Caste. Naturally, he is bent towards the members of his own caste. He begins his socialization with the same cast members. Gradually, he is bent towards the members of his own caste. So, during the time of selection of a leader he chooses one from his own caste. It is observed that the people vote for the candidates from their own caste for leadership.

2. Caste as a dividing force: Caste often leads to the creation of different interest groups. These groups then compete among each other for power. Even if there are just 2 or 3 groups, it often creates a source of tension.

3. Caste as a unifying force: Caste can also be a unifying force among a group. In rural India, where the rural power is limited to just 15 to 20 km, the caste system is a sign of unity.

4. Reservation system: The Indian Constitution has a reserved caste system for Schedule Caste, Scheduled Tribes, and Other Backward Classes. This has led to the emergence of many pro-reservation and groups.

5. Caste and decision making: The decision makers of the country have to make a careful evaluation during decision making. This is done to avoid the concentration of a particular caste in a particular state.

6. Caste and Local government: The caste system often proves to be an obstacle for the smooth working of the Panchayat in the rural areas.

The caste system often leads to violent clashes among the different groups, even on a trivial issue. It violates the principles of equality and justice. It has led to an atmosphere of destruction and fear in society.

The government must take certain steps to reduce the negative impact of the caste system. All the political leaders must discourage such systems and promote harmony among all. The caste system should not divide the country into different segments; rather it should be a unifying force on the whole.

Rules and regulations are of utmost importance in a marketplace. Without them, the market will be a chaotic place and will harm both the producer and the consumer. They are required due to the following reasons.

1. FALSE INFORMATION: At times, false information is passed through social media. Advertisement etc. about a particular product. But it is not of the same quality when used in real life. For example, many products of hair care and skin care claim to give the best results. Such as a particular shampoo may claim that using it will reduce the hair fall. With the fall advertising, people tend to buy it and later get disappointed.

2. TO CHECK ADULTERATION: The rich traders often adulterate consumer items for their own benefit. For example, items like milk, oil, butter etc. are adulterated with harmful items, in rural areas.

3. PRIVATISATION: After 1991, the government of India became very liberal as it was a part of the world market now. It became important to form certain rules to keep a check on the working of the marketplace.

4. WEAK CONSUMER: Rules are also necessary to protect the consumers who have no knowledge of the different elements of market and are often exploited by the producer.

5. CREATE AWARENESS: The consumers often do not have adequate knowledge. It is thus, important to establish certain rules, create a place for redressal of their grievances and provide compensation.

6. CHARGING ABOVE MRP: Every product has an MRP-Maximum Retail Price. This price is fixed by the government. Often, sellers are seen selling these goods above the MRP. For example, a bottle of juice may be for 45 rupees (MRP). But, the seller is selling it for 49 rupees. The additional 4 rupees will be an illegal profit for the seller.

7. SELLING LOW-QUALITY PRODUCT: A seller may at times sell a low-quality product to the consumer. If the latter does not have proper knowledge, he might buy it and incur a loss. For example, a seller may sell an expired bottle of milk to the consumer and later blame the consumer for not checking the expiry date before purchasing.

CONCLUSION: It is extremely important for the government to maintain certain rules and regulations in the market for the protection of both producers and consumers.

GDP means the Gross domestic product. It is the total value of all the finished goods and services produced within a country’s border in a specific time period. It is calculated on an annual basis. It includes all of the private and public consumption; government outlays, investments and exports fewer imports that occur within the domestic territory.

It is an indicator of the health of the economy. Traders, policymakers, investors etc. all have the eyes on the GDP. Different countries have different methods to calculate GDP.

The Central Statistics Office (CSO), under the Ministry of Statistics and Program Implementation, is responsible for data collection and maintaining a proper record of the same. There are 2 types of GDP:

1. GDP at factor cost: Gross national product at factor cost is defined as the value of all final goods and services at market price produced within the produced within the domestic territory of the country in an accounting year including net factor income from abroad minus net indirect taxes.

2. GDP at market price: Gross domestic product at market prices is the sum of the gross values added of all resident producers at market prices, plus taxes fewer subsidies on imports.

GDP can be calculated by the following standard equation :

Y = C + I + G + (X − M)

C= Consumption

I=Investment

G=Government spending

X=Export

M=Import

Annual GDP data is released on 31 May every year. Since the financial year is from April to May, the GDP release involves a time lag of two months.

Romanticism or Romantic era/ period was an artistic, intellectual driven movement that began in the latter half of the 18th century in Europe, and further strengthened with the growth of the Industrial Revolution. It was inspired by the Rousseau and of Johann Gottfried von Herder.

Certain key features of this movement are:

1. Romanticism was a national movement and focused on the cultural aspect of society.

2. Romantic artists denied the use of scientific principles and promoted the use of culture, emotions, intuitions, and feelings.

3. Some romantic nationalists such Hedger focused on the fact that true spirit of romanticism can be found in the common public. This implied the folk songs, folklore, books etc.

4. More emphasis was given on Vernacular language. This was to preserve the ancient traditions as well as to carry forward this for the future generations.

5. Brothers Grimm believed that the fairytales were a preserved form of a country and unless misused with any form of literary writing, it proved to a good source of history of a country. It also inspired many other collectors to believe that such tales were a representation of that country.

6. Many national epics were given importance during this period such as The Tale of Igor’s Campaign, Odyssey, and LLiad.

7. The national struggle was depicted through music and art.

8. The language was an important tool here after the Russian schools were driven out of Russian language and Polish was made compulsory everywhere.

Romanticism legalized that an individual mind is important for developing his critical thinking behaviour. This kind of thinking would ultimately lead to freedom in the form of music, art, poetry etc.

OR

Paul Bernard was a French author and a leader. He had certain strong opinions regarding the developing colonies.

His views about the development of Vietnamese colonies are summarised below:

1. These colonies need to be developed as they are a way of showing interest in serving one’s country.

2. The acquiring of such colonies led to an addition in the profit.

3. If the economy developed, it would create economic activities, and employment would increase. This would increase the per capita income and the demand for goods by the consumers. The market size would expand, and more profits would be gained by the French community.

4. Bernard took the experience from Japan’s development. Japan had focused on industrialization for creating job opportunities and further improving the pace of economic development.

5. He also proclaimed that land reforms are necessary to boost up ate the agriculture sector.

However, Bernard noticed a few barriers to the development of colonies in Vietnam such as:

1. A high level of population

2. A low level of agricultural productivity

3. High degree of indebtedness among the peasants

The term ‘Swaraj’ means self-government or in the context of India-’Independence of India’. Untouchable was a member of a large group that was segregated from the rest of the country. It was traditionally believed that any person who touches an untouchable becomes defiled. They were ridiculed and harassed by certain rich sections of the society. For a long period, the political leaders had ignored their plight. It was Gandhiji who recognized them and tried to improve their conditions.

Gandhiji worked extensively to elevate the positions of the untouchables. Some of his efforts are highlighted below:

1. It was the first time that Gandhiji had coined the term ‘Harijans’ and did not use the word ‘Untouchables’. The term ‘Harijans’ mean the children of God.

2. In 1932, when Gandhiji was in Yervada jail, he went on a fast as a form of protest against the mistreatment faced by the Untouchables.

3. When this news broke to the rest of India, an urgency of the situation was realized. The temples, wells and other public places were thrown open to them. Many leaders met the untouchables and Gandhiji broke his fast.

4. A new organization called ‘Harijan Sevak Sangh’ and a newspaper called ‘Harijans’ for set up.

5. In November 1933, he fought this system by marching 12500 miles for 9 months.

6. He cleaned toilets to signify their work and persuaded the high-class citizens to make amends.

7. He signed the Poona Act under which certain seats were reserved for them in the Provincial and Legislative councils.

Untouchability was a major social evil that prevailed in the society for a long. Gandhiji was the first to fight it and help them have a dignified status in the society. He focused on removing with great zeal and undertook many efforts for the same.

OR

The term ‘Swadeshi’ means ‘one’s own country’. This movement was a protest movement to gain freedom from the Britishers. This also paved the way for the Boycott movement. In this movement, people boycotted the foreign shops and the items that were imported from abroad.

The key features of Swadeshi and Boycott movement are

1. The Swadeshi movement was launched in three phases -

● 1850-1904 - The First Swadeshi movement

● 1905-1914 - Began with the partition of Bengal

● 1918-1947 - Led by Gandhiji

2. The public notice of proposal of the partition of Bengal, by Lord Curzon, was given in 1905. 500 meetings were held in Bengal, and 50000 copies of pamphlets were distributed. The Indians were outraged at this.

3. The Indians tried to stop this partition by making appeals, protesting and conferences, but in vain.

4. The leaders of the anti-partition groups decided to boycott all the items of the West and use only items made in India. People began burning the clothes, closed down the foreign shops and stopped purchasing imported sugar.

5. This helped to cause a decline in the use of Manchester cotton, for which Bengal was the richest market. It also helped in the development of many small industries in India.

6. The cotton mills of Bombay and Ahmedabad, the weaving industry of Bengal and many other small industries flourished during this period.

7. The students actively participated in this movement. They often protested against the Britishers. The Britishers then declared that any school or college found involved in such activities would be disaffiliated or its funding would be withdrawn. If any student is found to be protesting, he would be declared ineligible for government service.

8. The four leading newspapers of Calcutta- the Bengalee, the Amrita Bazaar Patrika, the Indian Mirror and the Hindu Patriot protested against this division of Bengal. The vernacular newspaper also displayed hostility against this movement.

There is no accurate data or result regarding the final effects of these two movements. But it is sure that the British import gradually fell for the initial 2-3 years. Although the Swadeshi movement was started only to boycott foreign goods, it indirectly helped to revive the indigenous industries. Gandhiji has emphasized one particular feature related to this movement. He said that this movement had helped the people to raise their voices and challenge the authorities against their wrongdoings.

Gandhiji said, “There is enough for everybody’s need and not for anybody’s greed. This statement highlights the greedy and selfish nature of humans. The resources are sufficient for every human’s need and can easily fulfil it. But it is not and can never be enough for a human’s greed.

Gandhiji had focused on the conservation of resources due to the following reasons:

1. Irrational consumption: The consumption of a resource by humans is often irrational. This means that other humans might not be able to have access to these resources.

2. Overutilization of resources: It is often observed that people over utilize the resources or waste them. A very common example s the wastage of water. This will lead to a scarcity of resources in the future.

3. Important for development: If a country has to develop, it must focus on boosting its economic activities. Any such activity requires resources in a large amount. If these resources are not preserved, it will become difficult to speed up the developmental process in the economy.

4. Impact on future: If we continue to use resources at such an exorbitant level without any attempt of conservation, it will be exhausted. Since it cannot be replenished easily, the future generations might not even have access to it.

Gandhiji has highlighted this issue of resources in many of his writings. He said that it becomes of utmost importance, that we should now take sincere efforts for the conservation of resources.

The Earth consists of 70% water and 30% land. It might be assumed that this quantity of water is enough for humans and another living being. But, in fact, it is not. With the current level of wastage of water, soon there will be a scarcity of water. Our requirements for water are increasing day by day. The water resources are limited. Moreover, the increasing pollution in urban cities if further aggravating the issue.

Certain measures must be adopted for the conservation of water resources such as:

1. Rivers must be linked with each other and inter-basin linkages must be created.

2. Rainwater harvesting must be promoted. It means the storage of water in tanks and reservoirs.

3. Many states are continuously fighting over the water bodies. Such interstate disputes must be solved.

4. More water storage reservoirs must be created.

5. Other techniques such as water per location facility and watershed development must be created.

Such kind of measures will help to conserve water, prevent future scarcity and will protect us from health hazards.

OR

Two multi-purpose projects which caused social movements are:

1. Narmada - Narmada Bachao Andolan.

2. Tehri- Tehri Dam Andolan.

People oppose such projects due to many reasons. Such projects create many problems for the landowners, farmers as well as the industrialists, The landless farmers do not profit from such dams. This also changes the pattern of irrigation. The cropping pattern also changes by switching from subsistence farming to intensive farming. This harms the ecological balance and leads to soil salination. It also leads to a large-scale displacement of the local communities. The inhabitants then demand a rehabilitation facility from the government which is provided after a lot of delays.

The three major challenges faced by modern democracies are:

1. Foundational Challenge: It means bringing down the nondemocratic regime in the country and setting up its foundation. It should focus on keeping away the military from the government and setting up a sovereign state.

2. Challenge of expansion: A democratic government has to expand its ideas, approaches, and principles to all the areas. All the social, economic and political groups have to fall into this category. Women and minority groups should also be involved in this challenge of the expansion of democracy.

3. Challenge of deepening a democracy: This means exercising democracy in practice. Every government has to face it in one way or the other. It must focus on involving more people. it should also focus on controlling the rick traders so that they do not influence the decisions of the government.

OR

The effective functioning of democracy is extremely important. A good form of democracy must be free from the following:

1. There should be no type of corruption in any form.

2. Morality should be the basic principle of democracy.

3. There should be no rigging of election results.

4. There should be no delay in decision making.

5. No favouring of a particular candidate during elections.

6. The best interest of people should be the centre focus of democracy.

If these points are followed, it can prove to be a good democracy.

The Consumer Protection Act 1986 is an Act of Parliament to protect the consumer’s interest. It makes certain separate councils for the consumers, lay down their rights. And if any right is violated, the consumers may file a case in these councils.

A consumer is an important participant for the market and has five rights under the Consumer Protection Act 1986. These are:

1. RIGHT TO SAFETY: A consumer has the right to be protected against any such good or service which can be hazardous to his life and property. This includes food items, medicines, and automobiles. Such items have to be checked properly and before sending into the market.

2. RIGHT TO CHOOSE: The consumer has the right to choose among a variety of products available to him in the markets at a competitive price. So a market must be set up beforehand, where sellers all goods of similar at competitive prices. The consumer then has a choice to make among different options. This will help to avoid monopoly in the market.

3. RIGHT TO INFORMATION: A consumer has the right to be informed about the product that he is purchasing. This includes detailed information about the ingredients, production date, shelf life, date of expiration, and most importantly the price of the product. All such relevant production must be printed on the product itself.

4. RIGHT TO BE HEARD: Whenever a consumer is exploited, he has the right to seek redressal in the consumer court. This gives him the right that his complaint will duly be heard and solved out.

5. RIGHT TO SEEK REDRESSAL: A consumer court is a court where any consumer can file a complaint and seek redressal. Such consumer courts help the consumer to fight for their justice.

6.RIGHT TO CONSUMER EDUCATION: A consumer has the right to be educated and has awareness about his rights.They must have enough information that helps them to decide what to purchase, when to purchase and how to purchase.

CONSUMER FORUM: Consumer forums or consumer protection councils are organizations that help to protect consumer interests. They help consumers to file complaints in the court when they are exploited and help to spread awareness.

A consumer court is a three-tier quasi-judicial system.

1. A district court: It deals with cases up to 20 lakhs.

2. A state-level court: It deals with cases between 20 lakhs and 1 crore.

3. A national consumer court: It deals with cases that exceed the value of 1 crore.

This Act has eventually helped to reduce the unfair trade practices among the producers and sellers. Consumers are protected from various issues like hoarding, adulteration, black marketing etc. If any of the consumer’s right is violated, they can easily seek redressal in the consumer's court.

The Reserve Bank of India is the central monetary authority of India which regulates the monetary policy of Indian rupee. It started functioning under the RBI Act 1934 and started its operation on 1 April 1935. It functions differs from country to the country. In India, RBI is the apex monetary authority and has many powers for the functioning of the Indian rupee.

The Reserve Bank supervises the functioning of the banks in many ways:

1. RBI maintains an account of all the commercial banks. All the commercial bank has to keep a minimum amount of cash reserve with the RBI. It is the custodian of their cash reserves. In this way, the RBI is the ultimate holder of the cash reserves of the commercial banks.

2. The central bank is the lender of the last resort. Whenever the commercial banks are short of funds, they can take loans from the RBI and get their trade bills discounted. This provides great strength to the central banks.

3. It is a bank of central clearance, settlements and transfers. Its moral persuasion is very effective as far as commercial banks are concerned.

4. RBI ensures that the banks give loans not only to the big industrialists, and rich businessmen but also to small peasants, farmers, and small industries.

5. RBI makes sure that commercial banks do not give an excessive amount of loans. This will lead to a crisis situation.

6. Periodically, banks have to submit information to the RBI on how much they are lending, to whom, at what interest rate, etc.

This supervision by RBI is important because of the following:

1. It helps to collect economic data from all over the country.

2. It ensures the safety of deposits of the people.

3. It helps to keep a check on the corrupt practices of the country.

4. The information passed from the RBI to the Ministry of Statistics. This helps the formation of the national budget.

OR

Cheap or affordable credit is important for a country’s development due to the following reasons:

1. Cheap credit means that the borrower as more money left to invest which would have otherwise been invested in the return of credit. This increases the level of economic activity.

2. It helps to continue the ongoing production and meet all the expenses incurred by the businessmen.

3. It reduces the dependence on informal sources of credit.

4. It allows the weaker sections of the society to borrow easily without falling into the trap of the vicious moneylenders.

5. It helps to end the cycle of the debt trap.

6. It improves the standard of living by providing the common man to purchase items such as automobiles and electronics.

MADRAS

AMRITSAR

(1) A. KARNATAKA

B. DURG IRON ORE MINE

In the 17 and 18 century, the political and socio-economic conditions of France worsened. The social burdens had increased with poor economic situations and inequitable taxation system. This led to the French Revolution. The French Revolution led to a resentment of the privileges to the peasant, wage earner etc. These people had aspired for liberty and freedom. With the defeat of King Louis XVI, the French Revolution became a success.

OR

The French military had entered Vietnam in 1858. By 1880s, they had maintained a strong political and economic control over them. After the Franco-Chinese war, the French assumed control of Tonkin and Anaam, in 1887, and French Indo-China was formed.

In November 1927, a 7 British member Commission under the chairmanship of Sir John Allsebrook Simon was formed. It was formed to examine the effects and operation of the constitutional reform as well suggest reforms for India. However, it was not met positively by the Indians. They faced strong opposition and faced protests in every city as no Indian was included in the Commission.

Communalism is a theory or system of government according to which each commune is virtually an independent state and the nation is merely a federation of such states. The central practices of communal ownership revolve around a strong allegiance to one's own ethnic group rather than to society as a whole.

The Election Commission of India recognizes a party as a State party when it satisfies the following criteria:

1. Secure at least 6% of the valid vote & win at least 2 seats in an Assembly General Election.

2. Secure at least 6% of the valid vote & win at least 1 seat in a Lok Sabha General Election.

3. Win at least 3% of the seats or at least 3 seats, whichever is more, in an Assembly General Election

4. Win at least 1 out of every 25 seats from a state in a Lok Sabha General Election

5. Secure at least 8% of the total valid vote in an Assembly or a Lok Sabha General Election.

A democracy must be responsive towards the needs of its citizens. A decision must be such that it has to accommodate the needs and requirements of the citizens. This implies that quick decision making must be promoted. Also, the time involved in implementing it must also be reduced. Hence, it is said that the cost of time in a democracy is essential.

Visakhapatnam steel plant is located near a port. It is also called the Vizag steel plant. It is situated in Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh. It is an integrated steel plant which was set up in 1971 based on German technology. It was conferred to Navratna status in 2010.

SHG or Self-Help Groups are set up with the main idea to provide a financial resource for the poor especially women. They provide loans with a very low interest rate. They do not demand any collateral against the borrowed loans. The decision in the loan activities is taken by its members.

In the late 19th century Europe did not have an ideal liberal democratic setup. The feeling of nationalism in its citizens had reduced to a great extent. The different nationalist groups only focused on hurting the sentiments of other groups. The major European powers also exploited and manipulated the nationalist groups for their own evil imperial benefits.

OR

Ho Chi Minh was a Vietnamese nationalist leader who had worked extensively for the freedom of Vietnam. In 1930, he found the Indo Chinese communist party and later found Viet Minh. He was determined to freed Vietnam from the communist rule. With his help, the NLF-National Liberal Force fought for the unification of the country. He also fought in the war against Japan imperialists, the American and French colonial power.

The new technology did not replace the existing art of producing books by hand because in the past the print technology was very costly. Many writers were unable to afford it. Handwritten books were appreciated, and people were interested in reading them. The borders were illuminated by hand with college and other patterns where painted. The letters were imitated using ornamental handwritten style.

OR

In the 19th Century and the early 20th century, novels were read in the form of silent reading. Although at times written texts were read aloud by 1 person so that many people could hear it at the same time. However, in general, people wear encouraged to read alone and in silence. Individuals sitting at home or travelling also enjoyed them. This helped to increase concentration and reduce any form of noise and distraction.

Resource planning is a technique or skill for the proper and optimum utilization of resources. It is a very complex process and is extremely important. The resources are limited and unevenly distributed over the country. This makes resource planning extremely essential. It comprises of three stages:

1. Identification and inventory of resources across the different regions of the country. It involves survey, mapping, qualitative and quantitative relative measurement of the resource.

2. Developing a planning structure with appropriate technology and skill for implementing resource development plans.

3. Matching the resource development plan with the overall National Development Plan

The two factors that have contributed to the healthy growth of the automobile industry in India are:

1. After liberalization in 1991, many new advanced models of automobile industry were introduced. This led to an increase in their demand.

2. Foreign Direct Investment was introduced in this sector. This brought new technology and linked the domestic market with the global economy.

The automobile industry is located in Gurgaon and Indore.

The Constitution of India was amended to make the local government or the third tier of government more powerful. This has helped to deepen our democracy in the following ways:

1. It has helped to increase the representation of women in our democracy.

2. It has now become compulsory for the local government to hold elections at a regular interval.

3. Schedule caste, scheduled tribes, and other backward classes have reserved seats in the elected bodies and the executive heads

The effective functioning of democracy is extremely important. This requires that the political parties must be reformed in a manner which is best suited for the benefit of the country.

1. There should be no corruption in any form in a political party

2. Morality should be the basic principle of the political party.

3. There should be no involvement in the rigging of election results.

4. There should be no delay in decision making.

5. They should not favour a particular section of society.

6. The best interest of people should be the centre focus of their work.

The four features that are common to all democratic set up are:

1. All democracies focus on freedom of speech and freedom of expression.

2. All democracies have a multi-party system conducting elections on the basis of the Universal adult franchise

3. They conduct elections on a regular and timely basis.

4. It gives the citizens a sound political system based on equality among all

The Human Development Index or HDI is a statistical tool that is used to measure a country's overall achievement in its social and economic dimensions. It is published by the United Nations development programme or UNDP. It provides an alternative to the common practice a countries development by using the Gross Domestic Product or GDP. It uses the following dimensions of human development for measurement which are called its variables:

1. Life expectancy at birth for health

2. Adult literacy rate.

3. Mean years of schooling for education

4. Gross National Income per capita for the standard of living

In 1991, India had liberalized its economy. Since then the service sector has seen a constant level of growth. The three factors responsible for the growth of the service sector in the Indian economy are:

1. With the increase in population, the demand for service sectors such as schools, hospitals etc. has increased.

2. With the increased income, people’s demand for maids, cooks, drivers etc. has also increased.

3. A number of women are now working. This had led to an increase in the demand for housekeeping services, babysitting facility etc.

A consumer has many rights for his own protection against exploitation in the marketplace. But a consumer also has certain duties and responsibilities which he or she must always perform. Some of these duties are mentioned below:

1. The consumer must be aware of the quality and the safety of the goods he is purchasing.

2. He must gather all the required information about the product.

3. He must speak out to the manufacturer in case of a defect.

4. He must complain through proper channels in case he is this satisfied with his purchased product.

5. He must be an ethical consumer and must not be involved in any dishonest practice.

6. He must respect and protect the environment by avoiding wastage of any kind.

The group of G77 was set up on 15 June 1964 by 77 developing countries under the joint declaration of the 77 countries issued at the first session of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development in Geneva. Although the membership of the G77 has now been increased to 133 countries, the original name has been retained due to the historical significance. It is the largest organization of the third world countries.

Most of the developing countries did not benefit from the economic growth of Western countries. To come at par with the development in the advanced industrial countries, the developing Nations organized a group called G77 to demand a New international economic order or NIEO. Their main objective was that they must have direct control over the use of their natural resources, for their economic development, a fair and just price for the raw materials and better access to market through improved infrastructure for their manufactured goods in the final developed market. They also wanted an equitable distribution of wealth between the developed and the developing nations. To meet this demand the IMF and World Bank which are also called the Bretton wood twins were set up to meet the financial needs of these countries. These factors led to the development of g-77

OR

The modern industrialization could not marginalize the traditional industry in England because:

1. The changes in technology occurred slowly. The new technology was very costly, and the industrialist was cautious about using them. These machines often broke down, and the repair was also expensive. It was not as effective as their inventors had claimed.

2. Many products could be produced only with manual labour on the other hand machines could produce only uniform and standardized goods for a mass market. But the demand for the goods which were made with manual labour was very high. It had specific Shapes and designs. Example, 500 varieties of the hammer and 15 varieties of axes, were manufactured in Britain. This did not require mechanical technology but human skill.

3. The new industry could not display the traditional Industries. At the end of the 19th century, only 20 per cent of the total workforce was employed in the advanced Industries.

4. Poor farmers and migrants moved to cities in large number in search of jobs. The supply of worker was more than the demand. Therefore, they had to work at a very low wage.

5. In the non-mechanised areas such as pottery, building, food processing etc., ordinary and small inventions were the basis of their grants.

OR

In the 17th century, the family was the centre of production. It was considered as a single unit of production and consumption in Britain. The political decisions were taken unitedly. But the function of the family changes completely after the industrialization and urbanization in Britain. It had the following impact on the family:

1. The relation between the members of the family loosened and the Institution of marriage broke down among the working class.

2. The increase in tailoring, washing, matchbox making forced the children to be employed in a low paid work.

3. Many women lost their job and had to work within the domestic household. Many of them began working as maids in the rich household. On the other hand, the women of the upper and middle class faced even a higher level of isolation.

4. It was no longer important for the working class to maintain relationships with their relatives. They migrated and spent more time in their workplaces so that they could earn more.

5. Nepotism became very common in the industry promotion was given only on personal terms and not on merits

Nationalism spreads among the people when they realize the feeling of oneness and unity among them. This arises when they realize that they all belong to the same nation. In India, the cultural values were important to a great extent to capture people’s imagination and develop the feeling of nationalism among them. This can be supported by the following:

1. The allegory- Bharat Mata became an image by which people were people to identify themselves. Rabindranath Tagore had designed it.

2. The Swaraj Flag created by Gandhiji became an important symbol to be held during marches.

3. History became important. People began studying their past and reinterpreting it for a better understanding of the future. Britishers had assumed that India was a backward country, so people began studying their history to know about their glorious achievements.

4. Folklore and poems also became important. Rabindranath Tagore wrote many ballads for folk revival.

5. Nationalists began recording folklores. They travelled through different villages to gather singers for the same.

6. Vande Mataram became an important hymn that awakened the feeling of nationalism among people. It was created in 1870 by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay.

This was extremely important so that people can develop a new united image of the country and could have a sense of belongingness, which was corrupted by the Britishers.

OR

Gandhiji was a pioneer in the movements against the British. He had dedicated his entire life to gain freedom and for the benefit of the Indians.

Upon his arrival from Africa, he took a year’s break to study the conditions of India. He later launched the Satyagraha movement. This was, however, started in phases. In 1916 he travelled to Champaran in Bihar to inspire the peasants to struggle against the oppressive plantation system. In 1917, a satyagraha was set up to support the peasants of Kheda district of Gujarat. In 1918, he went to Ahmedabad to organize a satyagraha movement amongst cotton mill workers. In 1919, he decided to launch a nationwide satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act. To unite Hindu and Muslim, a Non-cooperation movement was launched. In 1930, he started the famous Salt March as a protest against the high taxes imposed on salt by the Britishers. It was started from his ashram in Sabarmati to Dandi with 78 followers. On 6 April, he reached Dandi and openly violated against the law by manufacturing salt out of the boiled water. Gandhi worked extensively for the untouchables. He called them ‘Harijans’ meaning the children of God. He organized protests to secure their entry into holy places, schools etc. He also strived for the rights of women. Many women came to his protests and marches for his support. So, it is rightly said that Gandhiji is the ‘Father of the Nation’ as he worked with great sincerity for the benefit of Indians.

Water shortage is a common problem in India. It prevails in different regions of the country. This can be understood by the following:

1. The metropolitan cities face acute shortage of water due to the large population accompanied by low water and unequal access to water. The increased population implies a larger water requirement for the domestic purpose

2. Setting up of MNCs on a large scale has led to increasing demand for water and cheap source of power for running these machines.

3. The bad quality of water has resulted in water scarcity due to pollution of water bodies by discharging urban waste, industrial effluents, pesticides, and fertilizers from agricultural fields rating it unfit for human consumption

4. Most farmers have their own wells and tube wells in their farms for irrigation to increase their production. But it may lead to falling groundwater levels, adversely affecting water availability

India was facing many issues in the agricultural sector. A few of them are highlighted below:

1. The Britishers had introduced the Zamindari system. This implied that every owner or zamindar had complete control over land. The farmers worked on it, and the ultimate benefits were taken by the zamindars. The actual tillers of the soil were left without much crop, money and were helpless in this situation.

2. The average size of holdings was very small. It was more prominent in densely populated areas such as Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab etc. Subdivision and fragmentation of holdings led to low agricultural productivity.

3. Good quality seeds were not distributed. The farmers had to pay an exorbitant amount to get access to these better seeds.

4. Deletion and lack of replenishment of the soil was another issue. Manure and fertilizers were not provided to the farmers, which could have helped them.

5. In India, rainfall is uncertain and irregular. This implies that adequate water is not available for the crops.

6. Maximum work was done by the manual labour. Although, other countries were using advanced machinery in the agriculture sector.

7. Large areas of land were suffered from soil erosion through water and wind.

8. The lack of marketing facility implied that the workers had to be depended upon the middlemen to transfer their goods to the market areas.

9. There were no storage facilities in rural areas. The farmers had to sell their produce immediately after harvesting it at the current price was very low.

10. Many villages were not connected with proper roads. The lack of cheap and efficient means created further problems to take their crops to the market.

11. The farmers did not have adequate capital to support their requirements. They had to resort to money lenders who charged a high rate of interest and exploited them.

All such issues prevailing in the economy led to the introduction of various technological and institutional reforms made in India in the agricultural field are:

1. Land reforms: Consolidation of holdings, the abolition of zamindari system etc

2. Agricultural reforms: Green revolution and White revolution

3. The issue of Kisan credit cards, Personal accident insurance scheme

4. Weather bulletin for farmers.

5. Provision of crop insurance for farmers in case of drought, flood, etc

6. Provision of HYV seeds, manures, fertilisers, insecticide and pesticide.

7. Providing storage facility and transport facility.

OR

The major crops that come under millets are Jowar, Bajra, and Ragi.

The geographical conditions required for their cultivation are mentioned below:

A. JOWAR: A Rainfed crop growing in moist areas. This hardly needs irrigation. It requires moderate rainfall of 30-100cms and high temperatures ranging from 20 to 32°C. However, excessive moisture and continuous drought are harmful to this crop. Well-drained light soils are ideal for its cultivation. It is the third most important crop regarding production. It is cultivated in semi-arid areas of central and south areas. It is sown as a kharif crop in north India, but in south India, it is sown both as rabi and kharif crop. India is the largest producer of jowar. Maharashtra is the leading producer followed by Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.

B. BAJRA: It required a dry and warm climate. The rainfall must be between 45cm and temperature ranging between 25 to 30°C. It grows well on sandy soils and shallow black soil.

Rajasthan is the largest producer of bajra followed by Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Haryana.,

C. RAGI: Ragi is very rich in iron, calcium, other micro-nutrients, and roughage. It grows well in dry regions on red, black, sandy, loamy and shallow black soils. Karnataka is the largest producer of Ragi followed by Tamil Nadu. Other states important for the production of ragi are Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Sikkim, Jharkhand and Arunachal Pradesh.

The combination of politics and society is a disastrous one. It often leads to years of conflicts among different groups.

Democracy involves competitions among different political parties. These competitions are often based on social differences. If the concerned does not take proper action, such differences lead to the creation of political differences. This, in turn, creates violence, indifferent attitude, and disintegration among the citizens.

Its impact can be highlighted in the following way:

1. Impact of the social division during the selection of a leader: Every person is born in a social division. Naturally, he is bent towards the members of his own social division. He begins his socialization with the same. Gradually, he is bent towards the members of his own social division. So, during the time of selection of a leader he chooses one from his own social division.

2. The Reservation system: The Indian Constitution has a reserved caste system for Schedule Caste, Scheduled Tribes, and Other Backward Classes. This has led to the emergence of many pro-reservation and groups.

3. Social division and decision making: The decision makers of the country must make a careful evaluation during decision making. This is done to avoid the concentration of a particular division in a particular state.

4. Local government: The social division often proves to be an obstacle for the smooth working of the Panchayat in the rural areas.

5. History has given us many examples to support this argument. The political issues among the various ethnicities in Yugoslavia separated it into 6 different countries. The fights among the security forces of UK and nationalists, and the Unionists and Nationalists led to the death of hundreds of civilians and military.

In a democracy, it is natural that the government might focus on certain sections, make a promise to favour the oppressed sections of the society, etc. but such kind of discussions create trouble when they are taken in a negative way.

OR

A social difference becomes a social division when its impact can be seen in different fields. The shift from ‘difference’ to ‘division’ leads to rifts among political parties and create an atmosphere of tension, conflict and at times even violence. Its impact can be understood by the following points:

1. Impact of the social division during the selection of a leader: Every person is born in a social division. Naturally, he is bent towards the members of his own social division. He begins his socialization with the same. So, during the time of selection of a leader he chooses one from his own community.

2. The Reservation system: The Indian Constitution has a reserved caste system for Schedule Caste, Scheduled Tribes, and Other Backward Classes. This has led to the emergence of many pro-reservation and groups.

3. Social division and decision making: The decision makers of the country have to make a careful evaluation during decision making. This is done to avoid the concentration of a particular division in a particular state.

4. Local government: The social division often proves to be an obstacle for the smooth working of the Panchayat in the rural areas.

All of the above points indicate when a social difference become a social division and causes conflicts and issues.

Globalisation means the integration of the domestic economy with the international economy through trade, capital, and technology flow. It has been a great boon to the economy. Yet, the negative effects of globalization do exist especially on employment, equality, working conditions, international labour standards, and social protection. The current financial and economic crisis further aggravates the situation.

The term ‘Fair Globalisation’ means access to the benefits of globalization without any harm to the economic and social development of the economy. It also implies that the benefits of must be equal to all. In such a situation it is the responsibility of the government to promote a fair system of globalization. This can be done in the following ways:

1. Firstly, the government of a country must ensure that the laws of labour are duly adhered to. Not even a single worker must be exploited by his employee in any manner.

2. The government policies must not favour the richer section of the society but the poorer section as well.

3. The small-scale producers are often wiped out from the market as they do not have the adequate amount of resources to face the international competition. The government must ensure that these producers are also protected and recognized.

4. Trade and investment barriers can be used if required.

5. It should form fair agreements with other countries to have a balanced term of trade.

Even after all these measures, if the government feels the possibility of unfair trade practice, it may appeal to the WTO-World Trade Organisation for a fairer system. It can also align with other countries that are on the same developing pace as its own and can fight against the unfair trade practices by the developed countries.

A consumer movement is a movement whose main objective is to provide security to the consumers and provide them with a proper method of redressal in case they are exploited. Each country has its own set of consumer movements, India has witnessed some of the very popular movements in this domain.

The consumer movements emerged as a social force for the protection and empowerment of the consumers in an economy. It also focused on reducing the unfair trade practices that harm the consumers. The origin of the need of consumer’s movement can be traced back to olden times. In Kautilya’s Arthshastra, many references are cited which indicate the need for the protecting consumers from the malpractices in trade. These malpractices included underweight, adulteration etc. However, a properly organized movement did not start until the 1960s. A major step taken by the government of India is the introduction of the Consumer Protection Act 1986. The Consumer Protection Act 1986 is an Act of Parliament to protect the consumer’s interest. It makes certain separate councils for the consumers, lay down their rights. And if any right is violated, the consumers may file a case in these councils.

A consumer is an important participant for the market and has five rights under the Consumer Protection Act 1986. These are Right to safety, right to choose, right to information, right to be heard, right to seek redressal, right to consumer education, consumer forum, etc.

To solve the issues, it is important that the consumers are made aware of their rights. Only then, any consumer movement can be successful.

OR

A market is a place where goods are bought and sold between the buyer and the seller. It is often seen that the seller is unfair on his part. This makes the consumer a victim of the seller’s misdoings. Defective and substandard products are available all over the market now. Many shops sell duplicate cosmetics; many online businesses sell garments which are different than their advertisements, many chemists are selling fake medicines. All of these prevail when there is an absence of rules and regulations in the market. Rules and regulations are of utmost importance in a marketplace. Without them, the market will be a chaotic place and will harm both the producer and the consumer. The consumer groups can enforce such rules and protect the consumers from a number of malpractices such as:

1. FALSE INFORMATION: At times, false information is passed through social media, advertisement etc. about a particular product. But it is not of the same quality when used in real life. For example, many products of hair care and skin care claim to give the best results.

2. ADULTERATION: The rich traders often adulterate consumer items for their own benefit. For example, items like milk, oil, butter, etc. are adulterated with harmful items, in rural areas.

3. WEAK CONSUMER: Rules are also necessary to protect the consumers who have no knowledge of the different elements of market and are often exploited by the producer.

4. CHARGING ABOVE MRP: Every product has an MRP-Maximum Retail Price. This price is fixed by the government. Often, sellers are seen selling these goods above the MRP. For example, a bottle of juice may be for 45 rupees (MRP), but, the seller is selling it for 49 rupees. The additional 4 rupees will be an illegal profit for the seller.

5. SELLING LOW-QUALITY PRODUCT: A seller may at times sell a low-quality product to the consumer. If the latter does not have proper knowledge, he might buy it and incur a loss. For example, a seller may sell an expired bottle of milk to the consumer and later blame the consumer for not checking the expiry date before purchasing.

These can be solved by creating awareness. The consumers often do not have adequate knowledge. It is, thus, important to establish certain rules, create a place for redressal of their grievances and provide compensation.

It is extremely important for consumer groups to raise voices against malpractices so that they can be stopped, and the interests of everyone can be protected.

Calcutta

Ahmedabad

A. UTTAR PRADESH

B. MAHARASHTRA