Which one of the following is not a viral disease?
A. Dengue
B. AIDS
C. Typhoid
D. Influenza
Typhoid fever is not a viral disease because it is an acute illness. In typhoid, the bacteria are deposited in water medium or food medium by a human carrier and can be easily spread into others.
Which one of the following is not a bacterial disease?
A. Cholera
B. Tuberculosis
C. Anthrax
D. Influenza
Influenza is not a bacterial disease but it is a contagious disease. Contagious disease is one in which the disease spreads due to direct contact or touch. It is caused by flu viruses.
Which one of the following disease is not transmitted by mosquito?
A. Brain fever
B. Malaria
C. Typhoid
D. Dengue
Typhoid is spread by eating or drinking the contaminated food or water of the person infected by the disease.
Which one of the following disease is caused by bacteria?
A. Typhoid
B. Anthracis
C. Tuberculosis
D. Malaria
Malaria is caused by a single celled parasite called Plasmodium.
Malaria is caused by the Plasmodium parasite. The parasite can be spread to humans through the bites of infected mosquitoes in their blood.
Which one of the following diseases is caused by protozoans?
A. Malaria
B. Influenza
C. AIDS
D. Cholera
Malaria is caused by the protozoan parasite Plasmodium. Human malaria is caused by four different species of Plasmodium: P. falciparum, P. malariae, P. ovale and P. vivax.
Which one of the following has a long-term effect on the health of an individual?
A. Common cold
B. Chicken pox
C. Chewing tobacco
D. Stress
Tobacco use leads most commonly to diseases affecting the heart, liver and lungs.
Which of the following can make you ill if you come in contact with an infected person?
A. High blood pressure
B. Genetic abnormalities
C. Sneezing
D. Blood cancer
If we come in contact with an infected person, then then the germs are easily spread from one person to another by simple ways such as: sneezing, talking etc. Because germs can be easily transferred from one person to another by direct contact.
AIDS cannot be transmitted by
A. sexual contact
B. hugs
C. breastfeeding
D. blood transfusion
HIV is passed on from person to person if infected body fluids (such as blood, is transmitted, sexual contact is made or when child is in mother’s womb. HIV does not spread from touching someone, hugging them or shaking their hand.
Making antiviral drugs is more difficult than making anti-bacterial medicines because
A. viruses make use of host machinery
B. viruses are on the borderline of living and non-living
C. viruses have very few biochemical mechanisms of their own
D. viruses have a protein coat
Manufacturing safe and effective antiviral drugs is difficult, because viruses use the host's cells to replicate and live within them. This makes it difficult to find targets for the drug that would interfere with the virus without also harming the host organism's cells.
Which one of the following causes kala azar?
A. Ascaris
B. Trypanosoma
C. Leishmania
D. Bacteria
Kala-azar is caused by a protozoan parasite called: Leishmania. The other name for Kala azar is Black fever or Dumdum fever.
If you live in an overcrowded and poorly ventilated house, it is possible that you may suffer from which of the following diseases
A. Cancer
B. AIDS
C. Air borne diseases
D. Cholera
An airborne disease is any disease that is caused by pathogens and transmitted through the air especially in those area that have poor ventilation or no ventilation at all.
Which disease is not transmitted by mosquitoes?
A. Dengue
B. Malaria
C. Brain fever or encephalitis
D. Pneumonia
Pneumonia is caused by the bacteria-like Mycoplasma pneumoniae.
Which one of the following is not important for individual health?
A. Living in clean space
B. Good economic condition
C. Social equality and harmony
D. Living in a large and well-furnished house
Health comes from healthy habits. Healthy habits like eating regular fresh meals, personal and social hygiene, adequate rest and sleep with exercise leads to balanced state of health and mind.
Choose the wrong statement
A. High blood pressure is caused by excessive weight and lack of exercise.
B. Cancers can be caused by genetic abnormalities
C. Peptic ulcers are caused by eating acidic food
D. Acne in not caused by staphylococci
Peptic ulcers develop in the lining of the stomach or the small intestine. It is usually a result of inflammation caused by the bacteria called as H. pylori.
We should not allow mosquitoes to breed in our surroundings because they
A. multiply very fast and cause pollution
B. are vectors for many diseases
C. bite and cause skin-diseases
D. are not important insects
Mosquitoes are the disease carriers. The diseases caused by mosquitos include malaria, dengue fever, yellow fever etc.
You are aware of Polio Eradication Programme in your city. Children are vaccinated because
A. vaccination kills the polio causing microorganisms
B. prevents the entry of polio causing organism
C. it creates immunity in the body
D. all the above
Younger the child, higher is the risk of getting the polio disease. So, they are immunized to fight against the disease by getting immunized.
Viruses, which cause hepatitis, are transmitted through
A. air
B. water
C. food
D. personal contact
If the feces of any infected person contaminates the water bodies, then there is a huge potential for Hepatitis A virus to spread. These viruses can be spread from the various water resources.
Vectors can be defined as
A. animals carry the infecting agents from sick person to another healthy person
B. micro-organisms which cause many diseases
C. infected person
D. diseased plants
A disease vector is any agent (animal, or microorganism) that carries and spreads diseases. It can be as small as a housefly.
Give two examples for each of the following
(a) Acute diseases
(b) Chronic diseases
(c) Infectious diseases
(d) Non-infectious diseases
(a) Viral fever, Flu
A disease or disorder that lasts a short time, comes on rapidly, and is accompanied by distinct symptoms. Example is Viral fever and Flu.
(b) Elephantiasis, Tuberculosis (TB)
A disease that lasts for more a time-period of more than 3 months then, it is called chronic disease. Generally, cannot be prevented by vaccines or cured by medication, nor do they just disappear.
(c) Small pox, Chicken pox
Infectious diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi; the diseases can be spread, directly or indirectly, from one person to another.
(d) Diabetes, Goitre
A disease that is not contagious is called a non-infectious disease. These diseases are not caused by pathogens. Instead, they are likely to have causes such as lifestyle factors, environmental toxins, or gene mutations within an individual.
Name two diseases caused by Protozoans What are their causal organisms?
The two diseases caused by Protozoans are:
1) Sleeping sickness caused by Trypanosoma:
The medical name for sleeping sickness is African Trypanosomiasis. And, it is caused by the protozoa which belongs to the species, Trypanosoma brucei.
2) Kala-azar caused by Leishmania:
The medical name for Kala Azar is Visceral leishmaniasis. It is caused by the protozoa of the Leishmania genus.
Which bacterium causes peptic ulcers? Who discovered the above pathogen for the first time?
The bacterium that causes peptic ulcers is: Helicobacter pylori.
The scientists Marshall and Warren discovered this bacterium is the year 1982 after they diagnosed that these germs caused the stomach ulcers*.
*Ulcer: It is an open sore in the internal surface of the body caused by the breaking of the skin.
What is an antibiotic? Give two examples
Antibiotic is a type of medicine that inhibits the growth of bacteria. Some of the antibiotics contain anti-protozoal activity. Examples, Penicillin and Streptomycin.
Fill in the blanks
(a) Pneumonia is an example of _______ disease.
(b) Many skin diseases are caused by_______.
(c) Antibiotics commonly block biochemical pathways important for the growth of _______.
(d) Living organisms carrying the infecting agents from one person to another are called _______.
(a) Communicable.
Pneumonia is a communicable disease, which means it can be spread from one person to another and is also an infectious disease of lungs.
(b) Fungi
Jock itch, also called tinea cruris, is a common skin infection that is caused by a type of fungus called tinea. This type of fungal disease is accelerated in sultry, warm or humid areas.
(c) Bacteria
An antibody (Ab), also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig), is a large, Y-shaped protein produced in the body. Using this binding mechanism, an antibody can tag a microbe or an infected cell for attack by other parts of the immune system, or can neutralize the foreign bacterial infection or attack.
(d) Vector
vector means that it carries a disease from one host to another.
Name the target organs for the following diseases
(a) Hepatitis targets______.
(b) Fits or unconsciousness targets _______.
(c) Pneumoniae targets ______.
(d) Fungal disease targets ______.
(a) Liver
Hepatitis causes scarring of the liver (cirrhosis). As the disease progresses, symptoms such as skin problems, blood disorders, and fever may appear. In the long term, hepatitis C can lead to severe liver damage and is fatal.
(b) Brain
A seizure, also known as a fit, is caused by a disturbance in the electrical activity of the brain, which can be due to conditions such as epilepsy.
(c) Lungs
Pneumonia is an infection in one or both lung. It can be caused by fungi, bacteria, or viruses. Pneumonia causes inflammation in your lung's air sacs, or alveoli. The alveoli fill with fluid or pus, making it difficult to breathe. It is also fatal.
(d) Skin
The fungi that attack the skin or its appendages (nail, feathers and hair). Some examples of these infection include ringworms, jock-itch and athlete's foot. These fungi are known as dermatophytes.
Who discovered ‘vaccine’ for the first time? Name two diseases which can be prevented by using vaccines.
In the year 1796, Sir Edward Jenner carried out an experiment on an eight-year-old boy named James Phipps. Sir Edward took fluid from a cowpox blister and rubbed it on the skin of the boy and the boy recovered. In 1798, the results were finally published and Jenner coined the word vaccine from the Latin 'vacca' for cow.
Smallpox and Polio are the two diseases that can be prevented using vaccines.
The Smallpox vaccine was the first successful vaccine which was developed by Edward Jenner in 1796..
Fill in the blanks
(a) _____ disease continues for many days and causes______ on body.
(b) _____disease continues for a few days and causes no longer term effect on body.
(c) _______ is defined as physical, mental and social well-being and comfort.
(d) Common cold is _______ disease.
(e) Many skin diseases are caused by_______.
(a) Chronic, Long term effect
A chronic condition is a human health condition or disease that is persistent or otherwise long-lasting in its effects or a disease that comes with time. Examples are Asthma, Cancer and Diabetes etc.
(b) Acute
Acute diseases tend to have very quick onsets and typically last for only a brief period. Example is Asthma, Appendicitis and Hepatitis etc
(c) Health
Health is the level of functional and metabolic efficiency of a living organism.
(d) Infectious/communicable
Common cold, also known simply as a cold, is a viral infectious disease of the upper respiratory tract that primarily affects the nose.
(e) Fungi
One of the skin infection or disease caused by Fungi is Ringworm that causes a red, circular, itchy rash. Ringworm is officially known as tinea or dermatophytosis.
Classify the following diseases as infectious or noninfectious.
(a) AIDS - Infectious
(b) Tuberculosis - Infectious
(c) Cholera - Infectious
(d) High blood pressure – No- Infectious
(e) Heart disease – Non-Infectious
(f) Pneumonia - Infectious
(g) Cancer – Non-Infectious
Infectious disease is caused by a pathogen that enters the body and can be transferred from person to person. Non-infectious disease is not caused by a pathogen or organism carrying disease.
Name any two groups of microorganisms from which antibiotics could be extracted.
Bacteria and Fungi
Antibodies is a substance produced by certain bacteria or fungi that kills other cells or interferes with their growth. In nature, these substances help some microbes survive by limiting the multiplication of other microbes that share the same environment. Antibiotics that attack pathogenic (disease-causing) microbes without severely harming normal body cells are useful as drugs.
Name any three diseases transmitted through vectors.
Malaria, Dengue and Kala Azar
Vector-borne diseases are illnesses that are transmitted by vectors, which include mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. These vectors can carry infective pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, and protozoa, which can be transferred from one host (carrier) to another.
Explain giving reasons
(a) Balanced diet is necessary for maintaining healthy body.
(b) Health of an organism depends upon the surrounding environmental conditions.
(c) Our surrounding area should be free of stagnant water.
(d) Social harmony and good economic conditions are necessary for good health.
(a) Food is necessary for the growth and development of the body. Balanced diet provides raw materials and energy in appropriate amount needed for the substances likes protein, carbohydrates, fats, minerals etc which in turn are essential for the proper growth and functioning of the healthy body.
(b) Health is a state of being well enough to function well physically, mentally and socially and these conditions depend upon the surrounding environmental conditions. eg., If there is unhygienic conditions in surrounding area, it is likely we might get infected or diseased with infectious, chronic or deadly diseases.
(c) This is so because many water borne diseases and insect vectors flourish in stagnant water which cause diseases in human beings.
(d) Human beings live in societies and different localities like villages or cities, which determines the social and physical environment and hence both are to be kept in harmony. Public cleanliness is important for individual health. For better living conditions lot of money is required. We need good food for healthy body and for this we have to earn more. For the treatment of diseases also, one has to be in good economic condition.
What is a disease? How many types of diseases have you studied? Give examples.
When the functioning or the appearance of one or more systems of the body change for the worse the body is said to be diseased. The diseases can be —acute/chronic/ infectious/non-infectious. Examples, influenza, tuberculosis, pneumonia, cancer respectively.
What do you mean by disease symptoms? Explain giving two examples?
When the functioning or the appearance of one or more systems of the body will change for the worse, it gives certain abnormal signs of the disease. These visual changes in human beings are called symptoms. Symptoms give indication of the presence of a particular disease.
(i) Lesions on the skin are the symptoms of chickenpox. Example
(ii) Cough is the symptom of lung infection.
Why is immune system essential for our health?
The immune system of our body is a kind of defense mechanism to fight against pathogenic microbes. It has cells that are specialized to kill infecting microbes and keep our body healthy.
What precautions will you take to justify “prevention is better than cure”.
The following precautions should be taken for prevention of disease:
(1) Maintaining the proper hygiene conditions.
(2) Proper awareness of the diseases.
(3) Proper knowledge about the balanced diet.
(4) Regular medical check-up.
Why do some children fall ill more frequently than others living in the same locality?
The people fall ill due to poor immune system. If proper balanced diet and proper nutrition for healthy body is required to have a strong immune system.
Why are antibiotics not effective for viral disease?
Antibiotics generally block the biosynthetic pathways and they block these pathways of the microbes/bacteria. However, viruses have very few biochemical mechanisms of their own and hence are unaffected by antibiotics.
Becoming exposed to or infected with an infectious microbe does not necessarily mean developing noticeable disease. Explain.
Because of strong immune system our body is normally fighting off microbes. We have cells which are specialised to kill the pathogenic microbes. These cells are active when infecting microbes enter the body and if they are successful in removing the pathogen, we remain disease free. So even if we are exposed to infectious microbes, it is not necessary that we suffer from diseases.
Give any four factors necessary for a healthy person.
For a healthy person it is necessary that
(i) The surrounding environment should be clean. Air and water borne diseases will not spread.
(ii) Personal hygiene prevents infectious diseases.
(iii) Proper, sufficient nourishment and food is necessary for good immune system of our body.
(iv) Immunisation against severe diseases.
Why is AIDS considered to be a ‘Syndrome’ and not a disease?
AIDS causing virus— HIV that comes into the body via, the sexual organs or any other means like blood transfusion will spread to lymph nodes all over the body. The virus damages the immune system of the body and due to this the body can no longer fight off many minor infections. Instead, every small cold can become pneumonia, or minor gut infection can become severe diarrhoea with blood loss. The effect of disease becomes very severe and complex, at times killing the person suffering from AIDS. Hence there is no specific disease symptoms for AIDS but it results in a complex diseases and symptoms. Therefore, it is known as a syndrome.