Useful And Harmful Microbes

A. Yeast reproduces asexually by the ....budding..... method. In budding, a small knob like structure bulge out from the parent yeast. This swollen structure is called bud. The bud grows and gets detach from the parent and becomes new yeast.

B. Toxins of fungal origin are called....mycotoxins.....

Some species of fungi example Mucor, grow on food items such as bread pickles, jam, sauce, chutney, etc. They use the nutrients of the food for their growth and reproduction. They also produce some poisonous chemicals in the food items. These chemicals are called mycotoxins

C. Leguminous plants can produce more proteins due to....rhizobium….

Rhizobium is a bacterium (plural bacteria) grows in the root nodules (bulb like structures) of plants such as soybean, ground nut, gram, etc. Rhizobium provides nitrates and amino acids to the plant and it takes carbohydrate from plants in exchange.

A. The odd one out is: Chicken pox.

Explanation: Chicken pox is a disease caused by virus. Pneumonia, diphtheria, and cholera are caused by bacteria.

B. The odd one out is: Yeast.

Explanation: Yeast is a fungus. Lactobacilli, rhizobia, and clostridia are bacteria.

C. The odd one out is: Rubella.

Explanation: Rubella is a disease caused by bacteria that occurs in humans. Root rot, rust (tambera), and mosaic are the plant diseases caused by fungi.

A. Foam gets accumulated on the surface of the dal, this happens due to denaturation of protein at high temperature in summer. Denaturation is a process in which protein molecules loses its structure due to breaking of weak chemical bonds.

B. Naphthalene balls are organic compound which have the properties of sublimation. Sublimation is a process in which a solid matter changes to gas without in between liquid phase. The gas which releases from naphthalene balls keeps insect away from the kept away clothes.

A. The following vaccines are given to infants which protects them the various diseases. Infant’s body is weak, it cannot protect itself from the attacks of harmful microorganisms. Hence, infants are given vaccines.

B. A vaccine is a biological preparation which protect against a particular disease. It is made out of half killed or weakened disease-causing microorganism. For example, polio vaccine is made from half killed or weekend polio virus. A particular vaccine is prepared to protect against for particular disease.

C. Antibiotics are used to control harmful bacteria. Antibiotics control bacteria either by killing them or by preventing them from growth.

D. Some antibiotics are only used by humans and some only used for animals. Whereas some antibiotics such as Amoxicillin can be used by human and animals both but in different doses. For example, Amoxicillin available in 250mg and 500mg for humans and 5-10mg for dogs and cats.

E. In vaccine, the pathogen are half killed or weakened disease causing microorganism Sometimes due to unsafe storage, it may get activated and may cause vaccine associated disease.

A. The antibiotics which are used to control variety of bacteria, not just specific bacteria are called ‘broad spectrum antibiotics’. For examples ampicillin, amoxicillin, tetracycline, etc.

B. Fermentation is a process in which microorganisms such as bacteria and yeast, convert sugar (carbohydrate) into organic acid, alcohol etc.

Examples:

i. The lactobacilli bacteria convert lactose (milk sugar) into lactic acid.

ii. Yeast convert the carbohydrates into alcohol and carbon dioxide.

C. Antibiotics are carbon compounds which are obtained from some bacteria and fungi and are used kill or stop the growth of harmful micro-organisms. For example: penicillin is an antibiotics which is obtained from a fungus Penicillium is used to kill bacteria.

Generic medicines are those medicines which are for sale in the market without brand names. Generic medicines are generally less expensive. In safety, purity and effectiveness are exactly the same as branded medicines. It can be understood with an example, Calpol is a brand for paracetamol tablets. Generic medicine do not have brand name but contains the same parcetamol medicine.