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Carbon And Its Compounds

Class 10th Chemistry Lakhmir Singh And Manjit Kaur Solution
Very Short Answer Type Questions-pg-220
  1. Name the element whose one of the allotropic forms is Buck minster fullerence.…
  2. What are the two properties of carbon which lead to the formation of a large number of…
  3. State whether the following statement is true or False: Diamond and graphite are the…
  4. Name the scientist who disproved the ‘vital force theory’ for the formation of organic…
  5. Name the element whose allotropic form is graphite.
  6. In addition to some propane and ethane, LPG cylinders contain mainly two isomers of…
  7. Buckminsterfullerence is a spherical molecule in which 60 carbon atoms are arranged in…
  8. Name the black substance of pencil. Will the current flow through the electrical circuit…
  9. How does graphite act as a lubricant?
  10. Name the hardest natural substance known.
  11. Which of the following molecules is called buckministerfullerene? C90 C60 C70 C120…
  12. Give the name and structural formulae of an alkyl group.
  13. Write the electron-dot structure for: (i) ethane, (ii) ethane, and (iii) ethyne.…
  14. Give the IUPAC name of the following compound: C2H6
  15. Write the structural formulae of propene.
  16. Write the structural formulae of propyne.
  17. write the structural formula of butane.
  18. What do you call the compounds having the same molecular formula but different structural…
  19. write the names of any two isomers represented by the molecular formula C5H12.…
  20. Write down (i) structural formula, and (ii) electron-dot formula, of any one isomer of…
  21. Fill in the following blanks with suitable words: (a) The form of carbon which is known as…
Questions Based On High Order Thinking Skills (hots)-pg-243
  1. An organic compound having the molecular formula C3H6O can exist in the form of two…
  2. A hard material X which is mined from the earth is used as a household fuel and also for…
  3. Three organic compounds A, B and C have the following molecular formulae: A) C4H8O2 B)…
  4. A colourless organic liquid X of molecular formula C2H4O2 turns blue litmus to red.…
  5. You are given an organic compound having the molecular formula C3H8• Give the name and…
Very Short Answer Type Questions-pg-262
  1. Name the gas evolved when ethanoic acid is added to sodium carbonate. How would you prove…
  2. Which of the following will give brisk effervescence with sodium hydrogen carbonate and…
  3. Name the functional group present in an organic compound which gives brisk effervescence…
  4. Name the hydrocarbon formed when ethanol is heated with cone. H2S04 at 170 �C? What is…
  5. Why does ethyne (acetylene) burn with a sooty flame?
  6. Name the product formed when hydrogen is added to ethene.
  7. Explain why, ethene decolourises bromine water whereas ethane does not.…
  8. Name one chemical compound which can be used to distinguish between ethanol and ethanoic…
  9. Name two catalysts which can be used in the hydrogenation of unsaturated compounds.…
  10. State two disadvantages of incomplete combustion.
  11. What happens when (give chemical equation): Sodium reacts with ethanol (ethyl alcohol)…
  12. Describe one reaction of ethanol.
  13. Name one liquid carbon compound which is being used as an additive in petrol in some…
  14. What are the raw materials required for making soap in a laboratory (or at home)?…
  15. Would you be able to check whether water is hard by using a detergent? Why?…
  16. Describe a test for carboxylic acids.
  17. Why is the conversion of ethanol into ethanoic acid an oxidation reaction?…
  18. Explain why, alkanes are excellent fuels.
  19. Complete the following equations: (a) CH3CH2OH -----PICTURE (b) CH3CH2OH + C2H5OH…
  20. Complete and balance the following equations: (a) CH4 + O2 (b) CH4 + Cl2…
  21. Fill in the following blanks with suitable words: (a) The process of burning of a…
Short Answer Type Questions-pg-263
  1. Which of the following hydrocarbons will give substitution reactions and why? CH4, C3H6,…
  2. Which of the following will give addition reactions and why? C4H10, C2H6, C2H4, CH4, C3H8,…
  3. Write the chemical equation of the reaction which takes place during the burning of…
  4. Why is ethanol used as a fuel?
  5. State two uses of ethanol (other than as a fuel).
  6. What happens when propanoic acid is warmed with methanol in the presence of a few drops of…
  7. What change will you observe if you test soap solution with a litmus paper (red and blue)?…
  8. What is meant by denatured alcohol? What is the need to denature alcohol?…
  9. How would you test for an alcohol?
  10. Give the harmful effects of drinking alcohol.
  11. Explain why, methanol is much more dangerous to drink than ethanol.…
  12. How would you convert: (a) ethanol into ethene? (b) propanol into propanoic acid? Name the…
  13. Give reasons for the following observations: (a) Air holes of a gas burner have to be…
  14. What would be observed on adding a 5% alkaline potassium permanganate solution drop by…
  15. How would you distinguish experimentally between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid on the…
  16. Name the functional group of organic compounds that can be hydrogenated. With the help of…
  17. Name the gas evolved when ethanol reacts with sodium.
  18. What type of compound is formed when a carboxylic acid reacts with an alcohol in the…
  19. What will you observe when dilute ethanoic acid and dilute hydrochloric acid are put on…
  20. What type of compound is CH3COOH?
  21. What substance should be oxidised to prepare CH3COOH?
  22. What is the physical state of CH3COOH?
  23. State one advantage of soaps over detergents.
  24. What happens when ethanol reacts with ethanoic acid in the presence of a little of…
  25. What happens when ethanol is heated with concentrated sulphuric acid at 170 �C? Write the…
  26. What happens when ethanol is oxidised with alkaline potassium permanganate (or acidified…
  27. Choose those compounds from the following which can tum blue litmus solution red: HCHO,…
  28. Explain the process of preparation of soap in laboratory.
  29. Why is common salt (sodium chloride) added during the preparation of soap?…
  30. Why is soap not suitable for washing clothes when the water is hard?…
  31. What happens when methane (natural gas) bums in air? Write the chemical equation of the…
  32. What happens when ethanoic acid reacts with sodium carbonate? Write chemical equation of…
  33. Give a test that can be used to differentiate chemically between butter and cooking oil.…
  34. Describe, giving equation, a chemical reaction which is characteristic of saturated…
  35. What is an oxidising agent? Name two oxidising agents which can oxidise ethanol to…
  36. Describe one reaction of a carboxylic acid.
  37. Write names and formulae of hydrocarbons containing a single and a double bond (one…
  38. What is a detergent? Name one detergent.
  39. Why have detergents replaced soap as a washing agent ?
  40. (a) How does ethanoic acid react with sodium hydrogencarbonate? Give equation of the…
  41. Why are carbon and its compounds used as fuels for most applications?…
  42. Which of the two is better for washing clothes when the water is hard: soap or detergent?…
  43. What is meant by a substitution reaction? Give an example (with equation) of the…
  44. How is soap made? Write a word equation involved in soap making.
  45. How is ethanoic acid obtained from ethanol? Write down the chemical equation of the…
  46. How would you distinguish between ethanol and ethanoic acid by chemical test?…
  47. Explain the formation of scum when hard water is treated with soap.…
  48. What happens when methane reacts with chlorine? Give equation of the reaction which takes…
  49. What is hydrogenation? What is its industrial application?
  50. Give any two differences between soaps and detergents.
  51. What happens when ethanoic acid reacts with sodium hydroxide? Write equation of the…
  52. What happens when vegetable oils are hydrogenated? Name the catalyst used.…
  53. What is the advantage of detergents over soaps for washing clothes? Also state One…
  54. An organic compound X of molecular formula C2H4O2 gives brisk effervescence with sodium…
  55. A mixture of ethyne (acetylene) and oxygen is burnt for welding. Can you tell why a…
  56. Name a chemical reaction which is characteristic of unsaturated hydrocarbons (like alkenes…
  57. What is meant by an addition reaction? Give an example (with equation) of an addition…
  58. What is added to groundnut oil when it is to be converted to vanaspati ghee?…
  59. Which of the two is better for our health: butter or vegetable oil? Why?…
Long Answer Type Questions-pg-265
  1. When ethanoic acid reacts with sodium hydrogencarbonate, then a salt X is formed and a gas…
  2. Give any two uses of ethanoic acid.
  3. Esters are sweet-smelling substances and are used in making perfumes. Describe an activity…
  4. State any two uses of esters.
  5. Name the reaction which is usually used in the conversion of vegetable oils to fats.…
  6. What is saponification? Write the chemical equation of the reaction involved in this…
  7. Why does micelle formation take place when soap is added to water? Will a micelle be…
  8. What is a soap? Name one soap.
  9. Describe the structure of a soap molecule with the help of a diagram.…
  10. Explain the cleansing action of soap. Draw diagrams to illustrate your answer.…
Multiple Choice Questions (mcqs)-pg-265
  1. While cooking, if the bottom of the cooking utensil is getting blackened on the outside,…
  2. When ethanol is heated with alkaline potassium permanganate solution, it gets converted…
  3. When ethanol is heated with concentrated sulphuric acid at 170 �C, it gets converted into…
  4. When a vegetable oil is treated with hydrogen in the presence of nickel (or palladium)…
  5. The soap molecule has a:A. hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail B. hydrophobic head and…
  6. Chlorine reacts with saturated hydrocarbons at room temperature in the:A. absence of…
  7. In a soap micelle, the soap molecules are arranged radially with:A. ionic ends directed…
  8. When ethanol reacts with sodium metal, it forms two products. These products are:A. sodium…
  9. Vinegar is a solution of about:A. 5 to 8 per cent ethanoic acid in alcohol B. 5 to 8 per…
  10. One of the following substances is not added to make denatured alcohol. This is:A. methyl…
  11. One of the following organic compounds cannot decolourise the red-brown colour of bromine…
  12. The substance which can produce brisk effervescence with baking soda solution is :A.…
  13. The chemical which is not required for the preparation of soap in the laboratory is:A.…
  14. Which of the following can damage optic nerve leading to blindness, if taken internally?A.…
  15. The usual disease caused by the excessive drinking of alcohol over a long period of time…
  16. Which of the following molecular formula corresponds to ethyl butanoate ester?A. C5H10O2…
Questions Based On High Order Thinking Skills (hots)-pg-266
  1. A neutral organic compound X of molecular formula C2H6O on oxidation with acidified…
  2. Consider the following organic compounds: HCHO, C2H5OH, C2H6, CH3COOH, C2H5Cl Choose two…
  3. A neutral organic compound is warmed with some ethanoic acid and a little of cone. H2SO4.…
  4. The structural formula of an ester is: Write the formula of the acid and the alcohol from…
  5. Consider the following organic compounds: CH3OH, C2HsOH, CH3COCH3, CH3COOH, C2H5COOH,…
  6. An organic acid X is a liquid, which often freezes during winter time in cold countries,…
  7. An organic compound A having the molecular formula C3H8O is a liquid at room temperature.…
  8. An organic compound A (molecular formula C2H4O2) reacts with Na metal to form a compound B…
  9. Which of the following hydrocarbons can decolourise bromine water and which cannot? Why?…
  10. A four carbon atoms containing neutral organic compound X reacts with sodium metal to…
Short Answer Type Questions-pg-221
  1. What is the atomic number of carbon. Write its electronic configuration.…
  2. What type of chemical bonds are formed by carbon? Why?
  3. Name the three allotropic forms of carbon.
  4. What is the general name of all the compounds made up of carbon and hydrogen?…
  5. Why does carbon form compounds mainly by covalent bonding?
  6. What is meant by catenation? Name two elements which exhibit the property of catenation.…
  7. Write the names and structural formulae of all the possible isomers of hexane.…
  8. What is buckminsterfullerence? How is it related to diamond and graphite?…
  9. Why is diamond used for making cutting tools (lie glass cutters) but graphite is not?…
  10. Why is graphite used for making dry cell electrodes but diamond is not?…
  11. Give the general formula of an: (i) alkane (ii) alkene (iii) alkyne.…
  12. Classify the following compounds as alkanes, alkenes, an alkynes: C2H4, C3H4, C4H8, C5H8,…
  13. (i) Friedrich Wohler converted an inorganic compound into an organic compound in the…
  14. Give the molecular formula of butane and mention the names of its two isomers. Name one…
  15. Give IUPAC names and formulae of an organic compound containing single bonds and the other…
  16. Which of the following is the molecular formula of benzene? C6H6, C6H10, C6H12, C6H14,…
  17. Which of the two has a branches chain: isobutene or normal butane?…
  18. Catenation is the ability of an atom to form bonds with other atoms of the same element.…
  19. how can diamonds be made artificially? How do synthetic diamonds differ from natural ones?…
  20. Give any two differences between the properties of diamond and graphite. What causes these…
  21. Why does the element carbon form a large number of carbon compounds?…
  22. Write down the structure and name of two isomers of butane (C4H10).…
  23. Give the name and structure formula of one member each of the following: (i) alkane (ii)…
  24. Give the common name of (i) ethyne, and (ii) ethane.
  25. Write the molecular formula and structure of benzene.
  26. What is the unique property of carbon atom? How is the property helpful to us?…
  27. Explain why, diamond is hard while graphite is soft (though both are made of carbon…
  28. Giving their structures, state the number of single bonds and triple bonds (if any) in the…
  29. Write the molecular formula and structure of cyclohexane. How many covalent bonds are…
  30. Write the points of different in the structure of diamond and graphite.…
  31. Explain why, graphite can be used as a lubricant but diamond and graphite.…
  32. Explain why, diamond can be used in rock drilling equipment but graphite cannot.…
  33. State one use of diamond which depend on its ‘extraordinary brilliance’ and use of…
Long Answer Type Questions-pg-222
  1. What is diamond? Of what substance is diamond made?
  2. Describe the structure of diamond.
  3. Explain why, diamond has a high melting point.
  4. State any two uses of diamond.
  5. What is graphite? Of what substance is graphite made?
  6. Describe the structure of graphite with the help of a labeled diagram.…
  7. Why is graphite a good conductor of electricity but diamond is a non- conductor of…
  8. State any two uses of graphite.
  9. Explain the term ‘isomers’. Give one example of isomers.
  10. Write (i) structural formula, and (ii) electron-dot structure, of any one isomer of…
  11. Write IUPAC name of the compound having the formula n-C4H10.
  12. Give the IUPAC names for the following:
  13. What are hydrocarbons? Explain with examples.
  14. Explain the meaning of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons with two examples each.…
  15. Give the names and structure formulae of one saturated cyclic hydrocarbon and one…
  16. Give one example of a hydrocarbon, other than pentane, having more than three isomers.…
  17. How many isomers of the following hydrocarbons are possible? (i) C3H8, (ii) C4H10, (iii)…
Multiple Choice Questions (mcqs)-pg-223
  1. Buckministerfullerence is an allotropic form of the element:A. phosphorus B. fluorine C.…
  2. Out of the following pairs of compounds, the unsaturated compounds are:A. C2H6 and C4H6,…
  3. The number of covalent bonds in pentane (molecular formula C5H12) isA. 5 B. 12 C. 17 D. 16…
  4. The property of self- combination of the same element to form long chains is known as:A.…
  5. A cyclic hydrocarbon having carbon-carbon single bonds as well as carbon-carbon double…
  6. The hydrocarbon 2-methylbutane is an isomer of:A. n-pentane B. n-butane C. propane D.…
  7. An unsaturated hydrocarbon having a triple covalent bond has 50 hydrogen atoms in its…
  8. An alkyne has seventy-five carbon atoms in its molecule. The number of hydrogen atoms in…
  9. A diamond-toothed saw is usually used for cutting:A. steel girders B. logs of wood C.…
  10. The organic compound prepared by Wohler from an inorganic compound called ammonium cyanate…
  11. One of the following is not an allotrope of carbon. This is:A. diamond B. graphite C.…
  12. The number of carbon atoms in the organic compound named as 2, 2-dimethylpropane is:A. two…
  13. The pair of elements which exhibits the property of catenation is:A. sodium and silicon B.…
  14. A saturated hydrocarbon has fifty hydrogen atoms in its molecule. The number of carbon…
  15. A hydrocarbon having one double bond has 100 carbon atoms in its molecule. The number of…
  16. The hydrocarbon which has alternate single and double bonds arranged in the form of a ring…
  17. Which of the following cannot exhibit isomerism?A. C4H10 B. C5H12 C. C3H8 D. C6H14…
  18. The pencil leads are made of mainly:A. lithium B. charcoal C. lead D. graphite…
  19. The number of isomers formed by the hydrocarbon with molecular formula C5H12 is:A. 2 B. 5…
  20. The number of carbon atoms joined in a spherical molecule of buckministerfullerence is:A.…
Questions Based On High Order Thinking Skills (hots)-pg-224
  1. A solid element X has four electrons in the outermost shell of its atom. An allotrope Y of…
  2. Two organic compounds A and B have the same molecular formula C6H12. Write the names and…
  3. The solid element A exhibits the property of catenation. It is also present in the form of…
  4. An element E exist in three allotrope forms A, B and C. in allotrope A, the atoms of…
  5. You are given the following molecular formulae of some hydrocarbons: C5H8; C7H14; C5H10;…
  6. Which of the following compounds can have a triple bond? C2H4, C3H4, C3H6,…
  7. Write the molecular and structural formula of a cyclic hydrocarbon whose molecule contains…
  8. What is the molecular formula and structural formula of a cyclic hydrocarbon whose one…
  9. Write the molecular formula of: (i) an alkane (ii) an alkene, and (iii) an alkyne, each…
  10. Which of the following compounds can have a double bond? C4H10; C5H8; C5H10;…
  11. Which of the following hydrocarbons is unsaturated? C3H4; C2H6;
Very Short Answer Type Questions-pg-239
  1. Write the molecular formula of ethanol.
  2. What is the next higher homologue of methanol (CH3OH)?
  3. Identify the functional group present in the following compound and name it according to…
  4. Give the common name and IUPAC name of the simplest aldehyde.
  5. What is the common name of methanol?
  6. Write the names of the following functional group: (a) (b)
  7. Name the simplest ketone.
  8. What is the common name of propanone?
  9. Write the IUPAC names of the following: (i) CH3COCH3 (ii) CH3COCH2CH3…
  10. Write the name and chemical formula of the simplest organic acid.…
  11. Write the IUPAC names, common names and formulae of the first two members of the…
  12. What is the common name of: (a) methanoic acid, and (b) ethanoic acid?…
  13. Draw the structure for the following compounds: (a) Ethanoic acid (b) Propanoic acid…
  14. Give the common names and IUPAC names of the following compounds: (a) HCOOH (b) CH3COOH…
  15. Give the name and structural formula of one homologue of HCOOH.
  16. Write the formulae of: (a) methanoic acid, and (b) ethanoic acid.…
  17. Give the common name and IUPAC name of C2H5OH.
  18. Give the IUPAC name of the following compound: C3H7OH
  19. Give the name and structural formula of one member of the following: Alcohols…
  20. Give IUPAC name of the following compounds: (a) C4H9OH (b) C5H11OH…
  21. What is the common name of ethanol?
  22. What is the difference between two consecutive homologues: (i) in terms of molecular mass?…
  23. What type of fuels: (a) burn with a flame? (b) burn without a flame?…
  24. State whether the following statements is true or false: The minimum number of carbon…
  25. Fill in the following blanks with suitable words: (a) The next higher homologues of…
Short Answer Type Questions-pg-240
  1. The general formula of a homologues series of carbon compounds is CnH2n. Write the…
  2. Give the general name of the class of compounds having the general formula CnH2n-2. Write…
  3. Write the molecular formulae of the third and fifth members of homologues series of carbon…
  4. (a) Give the names and structural formulae of the next two higher homologues of methane.…
  5. (a) Give the molecular formula of one homologue of each of the following: (i) C3H6 (ii)…
  6. What is the difference in the molecular mass of any two adjacent homologues?…
  7. By how many carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms do any two adjacent homologues differ?…
  8. Write the formula of the functional group present in carboxylic acids.…
  9. Name the functional group present in CH3 - C ≡ CH.
  10. Name the functional groups present in the following compounds (i) CH3CHO (ii) CH3CH2COOH…
  11. Write the IUPAC name and common name of CH3CI.
  12. Draw the structure of chlorobutane.
  13. Draw the structure for bromopentane. Are structural isomers possible for bromopentane?…
  14. Write the name and formula of an organic compound containing a ketone functional group.…
  15. Write the names and formulae for the first three members of the homologues series of…
  16. How would you name the following compound? CH3-CH2-BR
  17. What is the general name of the organic compounds containing the- group.…
  18. Which of the following compounds contains a carboxylic acid group? CH3OH, CH3COOH, CH3CHO,…
  19. How would you name the compound? HCOOH
  20. Define a homologues series. Give the name and structural formula of one homologues of the…
  21. Write the molecular formula of the third member of the homologues series of carbon…
  22. Name any two fossil fuels.
  23. Draw the structure for the following compounds: (i) Propanone (ii) Butanone…
  24. Write the IUPAC names of the following: (i) HCHO (ii) CH3CHO (iii) CH3CH2CHO (iv)…
  25. Which functional group is likely to be present in an organic compound having the molecular…
  26. (a) Match the formulae in group A with appropriate names from group B: Group A: CH3COOH,…
  27. Draw the structure of butanoic acid.
  28. What is the IUPAC name of acetic acid ?
  29. Which functional group do you think can be present in an organic compound having the…
  30. Give one example each of the compounds having the following functional groups: (i)…
  31. Give one example each of the compounds having the following functional groups: (i)…
  32. What is the molecular formula and structure of the alcohol which can be thought to be…
  33. Write the names of the following functional groups: (i) -CHO (ii) -OH (iii) -COOH (iv) C=O…
  34. What makes the candle flame yellow and luminous?
Long Answer Type Questions-pg-241
  1. What is homologues series? Explain with an example.
  2. State two characteristics of a homologous series.
  3. The molecular formula of an organic compound is C18H36. Name its homologous series.…
  4. Select the hydrocarbons which belong to the same homologous series. Give the name if of…
  5. What is meant by ‘heteroatom’? Give examples. Write the names and formulae of two organic…
  6. What is meant by a functional group? Explain with an example.
  7. Write three common functional groups present in organic compounds. Give their…
  8. Name the functional groups present in the following compounds: (i) CH3COOH…
  9. Name the functional group which always occurs in the middle of a carbon chain.…
  10. Draw the structures for the following compounds: (i) Ethanal (ii) Propanal (iii) Butanal…
  11. What happens when carbon burns in air? Write the chemical equation of the reaction which…
  12. Why are coal and petroleum called fossil fuels?
  13. Explain how coal was formed in the earth.
  14. Describe how petroleum was formed in the earth.
  15. Name a fossil fuel other than coal and petroleum.
Multiple Choice Questions (mcqs)-pg-242
  1. The molecular formula of a homologue of butane is:A. C4H8 B. C3H6 C. C4H6 D. C3H8…
  2. One of the following molecular formula can represent two organic compounds having…
  3. The number of carbon atoms present in the molecule of fifth member of the homologous…
  4. One of the following burns without producing a flame. This is:A. wood B. charcoal C. LPG…
  5. The functional group which always occurs in the middle of a carbon chain is :A. alcohol…
  6. The molecular formulae of some organic compounds are given below. Which of these compounds…
  7. The organic compounds which are isomeric with one another are:A. alcohols and aldehydes B.…
  8. The fuel which usually burns with a blue flame is:A. coal B. LPG C. candle wax D. kerosene…
  9. Which of the following burns by producing a yellow, luminous flame?A. Natural gas B. Coke…
  10. The molecular formula of an organic compound is C48H94. This compound belongs to the…
  11. One of the following molecular formulae represent a ketone. This formula is:A. C5H12O B.…
  12. Which one of the following is not a fossil fuel?A. petrol B. coke C. charcoal D. coal…
  13. Butanone is a four-carbon compound having the functional group:A. -COOH B. -CHO C. -CO- D.…
  14. The molecular formula of the third member of the homologous series of ketones is:A. C4H8O…
  15. The functional group present in propanal is:A. -OH B. -COOH C. -CO- D. -CHO…

Very Short Answer Type Questions-pg-220
Question 1.

Name the element whose one of the allotropic forms is Buck minster fullerence.


Answer: Carbon is the element whose one of the allotropic forms is buck minster fullerence.
Question 2.

What are the two properties of carbon which lead to the formation of a large number of carbon compounds?


Answer: Catenation and tetravalency are two properties of carbon which lead to the formation of large number of carbon compounds.
Question 3.

State whether the following statement is true or False:Diamond and graphite are the covalent compounds of carbon element (C).


Answer: This statement is false because diamond and graphite are allotropes of carbon element.
Question 4.

Name the scientist who disproved the ‘vital force theory’ for the formation of organic compounds.


Answer: Friedrich Wholer disproved the ‘vital force theory” for the formation of organic compounds.
Question 5.

Name the element whose allotropic form is graphite.


Answer: Diamond and graphite are allotropic form of carbon.
Question 6.

In addition to some propane and ethane, LPG cylinders contain mainly two isomers of another alkane. Name the two isomers and write their condensed structural formulae.


Answer: The two other isomers of alkane found in LPG cylinders are N-butane and iso-butane.


Question 7.

Buckminsterfullerence is a spherical molecule in which 60 carbon atoms are arranged in interlocking hexagonal and pentagonal rings of carbon atoms.(a) How many hexagons of carbon atoms are present in one molecule of buckministerfullerene?
(b) How many pentagons of carbon atoms are present in one molecule of buckministerfullerence ?


Answer: (a) One C60 molecule contains 20 hexagons of carbon atoms.

(b) One C60 molecule contains 12 pentagons of carbon atoms.


Question 8.

Name the black substance of pencil. Will the current flow through the electrical circuit when we use the sharpened ends of the pencil to complete the circuit?


Answer: Graphite is the black substance of pencil. When we use the sharpened ends of the pencil to complete the circuit, the current will flow through the electric circuit because graphite is a good conductor of electricity.
Question 9.

How does graphite act as a lubricant?


Answer: In graphite, each carbon atom is bonded with 3 other carbon atoms to form hexagonal rings which join together by weak Vander Waal forces to form layers. Due to the weak force, these layers can slide over each other and therefore, graphite can be used as a lubricant.
Question 10.

Name the hardest natural substance known.


Answer: Diamond is the hardest natural substance known.
Question 11.

Which of the following molecules is called buckministerfullerene?C90 C60 C70 C120


Answer: C60 is called buckministerfullerence.
Question 12.

Give the name and structural formulae of an alkyl group.


Answer: Methyl

Structural formulae:


Question 13.

Write the electron-dot structure for:(i) ethane, (ii) ethane, and (iii) ethyne.


Answer: (i) The electron-dot structure for ethane is:

(ii) The electron-dot structure for ethene is:

(iii) The electron-dot structure for ethyne is:


Question 14.

Give the IUPAC name of the following compound: C2H6


Answer: The IUPAC name of is C2H6 ethane.
Question 15.

Write the structural formulae of propene.


Answer: The structural formulae of propene is:

(C3H6)


Question 16.

Write the structural formulae of propyne.


Answer: The structural formulae of propane is:

(C3H4)


Question 17.

write the structural formula of butane.


Answer: The structural formula of butane is:

(C4H10)


Question 18.

What do you call the compounds having the same molecular formula but different structural arrangement of atoms?


Answer: Organic compounds with identical molecular formula but different structures are called isomers.
Question 19.

write the names of any two isomers represented by the molecular formula C5H12.


Answer: Isopentane and neopentane are two isomers represented by the molecular formula C5H12.
Question 20.

Write down (i) structural formula, and (ii) electron-dot formula, of any one isomer of hexane (C6H14), other than n-hexane.


Answer: (i) Isomer of hexane (C6H14) is 2-methylpentane.

Structural formula of 2-methylpentane (Isomer of hexane)

(ii) Electron-dot formula:

(ii) electron-dot formula:


Question 21.

Fill in the following blanks with suitable words:(a) The form of carbon which is known as black leas is ……………
(b) The form if carbon which is used as a lubricant at high temperature is …………..
(c) Compounds of carbon with hydrogen alone are called………..
(d) CnH2n is the general formula of………….. hydrocarbons.
(e) Hydrocarbons having the general formula CnH2n-2 are called ……………
(f) Ethene and ethyne are example of …………….. hydrocarbons.
(g) Ethyne has …….carbon-hydrogen single bonds.
(h) Carbon compounds have usually …………….. melting points and boiling points because they are…….. in nature.
(i) The property of carbon atoms to form long chains in compounds is called ………..
(j) The general formula CnH2n for cycloalkanes is the same as that of ………..
(k) The IUPAC name of ethyne is ……..
(l) The IUPAC name of acetylene is ……


Answer: (a) graphite

(b) graphite

(c) hydrocarbons

(d) alkene

(e) alkynes

(f) unsaturated

(g) two

(h) low; covalent

(i) catenation

(j) alkenes

(k) ethane

(l) ethyne



Questions Based On High Order Thinking Skills (hots)-pg-243
Question 1.

An organic compound having the molecular formula C3H6O can exist in the form of two isomers A and B having different functional groups. The isomer A is a liquid which is used as a solvent for nail polish. The isomer B is also a liquid. An aqueous solution of one of the lower homologues of B is used for preserving biological specimens in the laboratory(a) What is compound A?
(b) Write the electron-dot structure of A.
(c) What is compound B?
(d) Write the electron-dot structure of B.
(e) Name the lower homologue of compound B which is used in preserving biological specimens.


Answer:

(a) A is propanone or Acetone.

(b) electron-dot structure of A:

(c) Compound B is propanal

(d) electron-dot structure of B:

(e) Methanal (or Formaldehyde) is used in preserving biological specimens.


Question 2.

A hard material X which is mined from the earth is used as a household fuel and also for the generation of electricity at Thermal Power Stations. A soft material Y is also used as a fuel in the form of candles. A gaseous material Z which occurs along with petroleum is increasingly being used as a fuel in running vehicles in its compressed form.(a) What are materials, X, Y and Z?
(b) When materials X, Y and Z are burned separately:
(i) Which material burns by producing a yellow, luminous flame?
(ii) Which material ultimately bums without producing a flame?
(iii) Which material can bum in a gas stove by producing a blue flame?


Answer: (a) X is coal; Y is wax; Z is natural gas

(b) (i) Y (wax) (ii) X (coal) (iii) Z (natural gas)


Question 3.

Three organic compounds A, B and C have the following molecular formulae:A) C4H8O2
B) C4H10O
C) C4H8O
(a) Which compound contains an alcohol group? Write its name and structural formula.
(b) Which compound contains a carboxyl group? Write its name and structural formula.
(c) Which molecular formula can represent an aldehyde as well as a ketone? Write the names and structural formulae of the aldehyde and ketone represented by this molecular formula.


Answer: (a) B; Butanol, C4H9OH

(b) A;Butanoic acid, C3H7COOH

(c) C; C4H8O Aldehyde: Butanal, C3H7CHO

Ketone: Butanone, CH3COCH2CH3


Question 4.

A colourless organic liquid X of molecular formula C2H4O2 turns blue litmus to red. Another colourless organic liquid Y of molecular formula C3H6O has no action on any litmus but it is used as a nail polish remover. A yet another colourless organic liquid Z of molecular formula C3H6O has also no action on litmus but it is used in tincture of iodine.(a) Name the liquid X. To which homologous series does it belong? Give the name of another member of this homologous series.
(b) Name the liquid Y. To which homologous series does it belong? Write the name of another member of this homologous series.
(c) Can you name an organic compound having the same molecular formula as liquid Y but which belongs to a different homologous series? What is this homologous series?
(d) Name the liquid Z. To which homologous series does it belong? Write the name of another member of this homologous series.


Answer: (a) Liquid X is ethanoic acid; it belongs to homologous series of carboxylic acids. Propanoic acid is another member of this homologous series.

(b) Liquid Y is Propanone; it belongs to homologous series of ketones. Butanone is another member of this homologous series.

(c) Propanal is an organic compound having the same molecular formula as liquid Y; it belongs to homologous series of aldehydes.

(d) Liquid Z is ethanol; it belongs to homologous series of alcohols. Propanol is another member of this homologous series.


Question 5.

You are given an organic compound having the molecular formula C3H8• Give the name and formula of the compound formed:(a) when one H atom of C3H8 is replaced by a Cl atom.
(b) when one H atom of C3H8 is replaced by OH group.
(c) when one H atom of C3H8 is replaced by a CHO group.
(d) when one H atom of C3H8 is replaced by a COOH group.
(e) when two H atoms joined to the middle carbon atom of C3H8 are replaced by one O atom.


Answer: (a) Chloropropane, CH3-CH2-CH2-Cl

(b) Propanol, CH3-CH2-CH2-OH

(c) Butanal, CH3-CH2-CH2-CHO

(d) Butanoic acid, CH3-CH2-CH2-COOH

(e) Propanone, CH3-CO-CH3



Very Short Answer Type Questions-pg-262
Question 1.

Name the gas evolved when ethanoic acid is added to sodium carbonate. How would you prove the presence of this gas?


Answer: Carbon dioxide (CO2) gas evolved when ethanoic acid is added to sodium carbonate. This gas can be identified by passing through lime water which turns milky.
Question 2.

Which of the following will give brisk effervescence with sodium hydrogen carbonate and why?CH3COOH, CH3CH2OH


Answer: When CH3COOH reacts with sodium hydrogen carbonate, carbon dioxide (CO2) gas is evolved with effervescence.
Question 3.

Name the functional group present in an organic compound which gives brisk effervescence with NaHCO3


Answer: The functional group carboxylic acid group (-COOH) present in an organic compound (CH3COOH) which gives brisk effervescence with NaHCO3
Question 4.

Name the hydrocarbon formed when ethanol is heated with cone. H2S04 at 170 �C? What is this reaction known as?


Answer: Ethene (CH2=CH2) is formed when ethanol is heated with cone. H2S04 at 170 �C. This reaction is known as dehydration.
Question 5.

Why does ethyne (acetylene) burn with a sooty flame?


Answer: Ethyne burns with a sooty flame because it has very high percentage of carbon. Oxygen in the air is unable to oxidise all the carbon of ethyne to carbon dioxide. Due to unburnt carbon particles, the flame becomes scooty.
Question 6.

Name the product formed when hydrogen is added to ethene.


Answer: When hydrogen is added to ethene, ethane is formed.
Question 7.

Explain why, ethene decolourises bromine water whereas ethane does not.


Answer: Ethene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon, hence it can decolourises the bromine water whereas ethane is a saturated hydrocarbon, hence it cannot do.
Question 8.

Name one chemical compound which can be used to distinguish between ethanol and ethanoic acid.


Answer: Sodiumhydrogen-carbonate chemical compound can be used to distinguish between ethanol and ethanoic acid
Question 9.

Name two catalysts which can be used in the hydrogenation of unsaturated compounds.


Answer: Unsaturated hydrocarbons add hydrogen in the presence of catalysts such as palladium or nickel to give saturated hydrocarbons.
Question 10.

State two disadvantages of incomplete combustion.


Answer: Disadvantages of incomplete combustion:

(i) Unburnt carbon is formed because of incomplete combustion which leads to the pollution of atmosphere and blackens cooking utensils.

(ii) It leads to the formation of carbon monoxide which is a highly poisonous gas.


Question 11.

What happens when (give chemical equation): Sodium reacts with ethanol (ethyl alcohol)


Answer: Alcohols react with sodium leading to the evolution of hydrogen.

2C2H5OH + 2Na → 2C2H5O-Na+ + H2


Question 12.

Describe one reaction of ethanol.


Answer: When ethanol reacts with sodium, hydrogen gas is evolved.

This reaction is used as a test for ethanol.

When a small piece of sodium metal adds to the organic liquid (to be tested), taken in a dry test tube. If bubbles (or effervescence) of hydrogen gas are produced, it indicates that the given organic liquid is an alcohol.


Question 13.

Name one liquid carbon compound which is being used as an additive in petrol in some countries.


Answer: Some countries now use ethanol as an additive in petrol.
Question 14.

What are the raw materials required for making soap in a laboratory (or at home)?


Answer: Following raw materials are required for making soap in a laboratory:

(i) Vegetable oil (like castor oil, cottonseed oil or soyabean oil)

(ii) Sodium hydroxide (caustic soda)

(iii) Sodium chloride (common salt)


Question 15.

Would you be able to check whether water is hard by using a detergent? Why?


Answer: Detergent gives lather with hard and soft water both, while a soap gives lather with soft water only. Thus, it is not possible to check the hardness of water by using a detergent.
Question 16.

Describe a test for carboxylic acids.


Answer: Since carboxylic acid is acidic in nature, it will turn blue litmus into red.
Question 17.

Why is the conversion of ethanol into ethanoic acid an oxidation reaction?


Answer: The conversion of ethanol into ethanoic acid is an oxidation reaction because oxygen is added to it during this conversion.


Question 18.

Explain why, alkanes are excellent fuels.


Answer: Alkanes are excellent fuels because when alkanes burn in air releasing a lot of heat energy.
Question 19.

Complete the following equations:(a) CH3CH2OH -----PICTURE
(b) CH3CH2OH + C2H5OH


Answer: (a)


Question 20.

Complete and balance the following equations:(a) CH4 + O2
(b) CH4 + Cl2


Answer: (a) Combusion:

CH4 + O2→ CO2 + H2O + heat and light

(b) Substitution Reaction

CH4 + Cl2→ CH3Cl + HCl (in the presence of sunlight)


Question 21.

Fill in the following blanks with suitable words:(a) The process of burning of a hydrocarbon in the presence of air to give CO2, H20, heat and light is known as ............
(b) The sodium salt of a long chain fatty acid is called .........
(c) ............ is better than soap for washing clothes when the water is hard.
(d) The organic acid present in vinegar is.............


Answer: (a) Combustion (b) Soap (c) Detergent (d) Ethanoic acid

Short Answer Type Questions-pg-263
Question 1.

Which of the following hydrocarbons will give substitution reactions and why?CH4, C3H6, C3H8, C4H6, C5H12, C5H10


Answer: Saturated hydrocarbons will give substitution reactions. Being saturated hydrocarbons, CH4, C3H8, and C5H12 will give substitution reactions.
Question 2.

Which of the following will give addition reactions and why?C4H10, C2H6, C2H4, CH4, C3H8, C3H4


Answer: Unsaturated hydrocarbons will give addition reactions. Being unsaturated hydrocarbons, C2H4 and C3H4 will give addition reactions.
Question 3.

Write the chemical equation of the reaction which takes place during the burning of ethanol in air.


Answer: Combustion: In the combustion process, mainly two products are formed i.e., CO2 and H2O and energy is released in form of heat and light.


Question 4.

Why is ethanol used as a fuel?


Answer: Ethanol is used as a fuel as it burns with a clear flame producing lot of heat.
Question 5.

State two uses of ethanol (other than as a fuel).


Answer: Uses of ethanol:

(i) It is used in alcoholic drinks like whisky, beer, etc.

(ii) It is used as a solvent. Many organic compounds which are insoluble in water, are soluble in ethanol.


Question 6.

What happens when propanoic acid is warmed with methanol in the presence of a few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid? Write equation of the reaction involved.


Answer: When propanoic acid reacts with methanol in the presence of concentrated sulphuric acid (a catalyst), ester (CH3CH2COOCH3) is produced.


Question 7.

What change will you observe if you test soap solution with a litmus paper (red and blue)? Give reason for your observation.


Answer: Since soap is basic in nature, it will turn red litmus paper blue. However, blue litmus paper will remain blue when tested with soap solution.
Question 8.

What is meant by denatured alcohol? What is the need to denature alcohol?


Answer: Denatured alcohol is the ethanol which is made unfit for drinking by adding poisonous substances like methanol, copper sulphate, etc.

This is done to prevent the misuse of alcohol produced for industrial use.


Question 9.

How would you test for an alcohol?


Answer: Sodium metal test: Add a small piece of sodium metal to the organic liquid (to be tested), taken in a dry test tube. If bubbles (or effervescence) of hydrogen gas are produced, it indicates that the given organic liquid is an alcohol.
Question 10.

Give the harmful effects of drinking alcohol.


Answer: Harmful effects of drinking alcohol:

(i) Consumption of ethanol is not good for human health. It slows down the metabolic processes.

(ii) It depresses the central nervous system. This results in lack of coordination, mental confusion and drowsiness.


Question 11.

Explain why, methanol is much more dangerous to drink than ethanol.


Answer: Unlike ethanol, intake of methanol in very small quantities can cause death. It is oxidised to methanal in the liver which reacts rapidly with protoplasm and coagulates it. Methanol also affects the optic nerve, causing blindness.
Question 12.

How would you convert:(a) ethanol into ethene?
(b) propanol into propanoic acid?
Name the process in each case and write the equations of the reactions involved.


Answer: (a) Dehydration:

(b) Oxidation:


Question 13.

Give reasons for the following observations:(a) Air holes of a gas burner have to be adjusted when the vessels being heated get blackened by the flame.
(b) Use of synthetic detergents causes pollution of water.


Answer: (a) When the bottoms of cooking vessels getting blackened by the flame, it means that the air holes of a gas burner are blocked and fuel is getting wasted. So, the air holes of the gas burner should be adjusted.

(b) Some synthetic detergents cannot be decomposed by micro-organisms as they are non-biodegradable. Hence, they cause water pollution.


Question 14.

What would be observed on adding a 5% alkaline potassium permanganate solution drop by drop to some warm ethanol in a test-tube? Write the name of the compound formed during the chemical reaction. Also write chemical equation of the reaction which takes place.


Answer: When 5% alkaline potassium permanganate solution is added drop by drop in a test-tube containing some warm ethanol, the purple color of potassium permanganate starts disappearing. Ethanoic acid is formed in this chemical reaction.


Question 15.

How would you distinguish experimentally between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid on the basis of a chemical property?


Answer: Take the samples of alcohol and carboxylic acid in different test tubes and add some sodium hydrogen carbonated in both the tubes.

Carboxylic acid reacts with sodium hydrogen carbonate to give brisk effervescence of carbon dioxide gas but alcohol does not react with sodium hydrogen carbonate.


Question 16.

Name the functional group of organic compounds that can be hydrogenated. With the help of a suitable example, explain the process of hydrogenation, mentioning the conditions of the reaction and any one change in physical property with the formation of the product. Name any one natural source of organic compounds that are hydrogenated.


Answer: Ethene (CH2=CH2) can be hydrogenated.

The addition of hydrogen to an unsaturated hydrocarbon in the presence of catalysts such as palladium or nickel to give a saturated hydrocarbon is called hydrogenation.

Example: Ethene (CH2=CH2) reacts with hydrogen in the presence of nickel catalyst to produce ethane (CH3-CH3).

This reaction is commonly used in hydrogenation of vegetable oil into vegetable ghee (solid fat)


Question 17.

Name the gas evolved when ethanol reacts with sodium.


Answer: When ethanol reacts with sodium, hydrogen gas is evolved.


Question 18.

What type of compound is formed when a carboxylic acid reacts with an alcohol in the presence of cone.H2SO4?


Answer: When carboxylic acid reacts with alcohol in the presence of concentrated sulphuric acid (a catalyst), ester (CH3CH2COOCH3) is produced.


Question 19.

What will you observe when dilute ethanoic acid and dilute hydrochloric acid are put on universal indicator paper, one by one? What does it show?


Answer: When dilute ethanoic acid is put on universal indicator, the indicator paper turns to orange. It means that the pH of ethanoic acid is about 4 which indicates that ethanoic acid is a weak acid. On the other hand, dilute hydrochloric acid turns universal indicator paper to red, showing that its pH is about 1. This shows us that hydrochloric acid is a strong acid.
Question 20.

What type of compound is CH3COOH?


Answer: CH3COOH is a carboxylic acid compound.
Question 21.

What substance should be oxidised to prepare CH3COOH?


Answer: Ethanol (C2H5OH) should be oxidised to prepare CH3COOH.
Question 22.

What is the physical state of CH3COOH?


Answer: The physical state of CH3COOH is liquid state.
Question 23.

State one advantage of soaps over detergents.


Answer: Soaps are biodegradable whereas detergents are non-biodegradable.
Question 24.

What happens when ethanol reacts with ethanoic acid in the presence of a little of concentrated sulphuric acid? Write equation of the reaction involved.


Answer: When ethanol reacts with ethanoic acid in the presence of concentrated sulphuric acid (a catalyst), a sweet smelling ester (CH3CH2COOCH3) is produced.


Question 25.

What happens when ethanol is heated with concentrated sulphuric acid at 170 �C? Write the equation of the reaction which takes place.


Answer: Ethene (CH2=CH2) is formed when ethanol is heated with cone. H2S04 at 170 �C. This reaction is known as dehydration.


Question 26.

What happens when ethanol is oxidised with alkaline potassium permanganate (or acidified potassium dichromate) ? Write the equation of the reaction involved.


Answer: when ethanol is oxidised with alkaline potassium permanganate (or acidified potassium dichromate, ethanoic acid is formed.


Question 27.

Choose those compounds from the following which can tum blue litmus solution red: HCHO, CH3COOH, CH3OH, C2H50H, HCOOH, CH3CHOGive reasons for your choice.


Answer: CH3COOH and HCOOH can turn blue litmus solution red as these are carboxylic acids.
Question 28.

Explain the process of preparation of soap in laboratory.


Answer: Following steps are used in the preparation of soap in the laboratory:

1) Take about 20 ml of vegetable oil in a beaker.

2) Then, add 30 ml of 20% sodium hydroxide solution to it.

3) This mixture is heated slowly till it boils.

4) Then add 5 to 10 grams of sodium chloride (common salt).

5) Stir the mixture well and allow it to cool. On cooling the solution, solid soap separates out. 6. When the soap sets, it can be cut into pieces called 'soap bars'.

This process of soap preparation is known as saponification.


Question 29.

Why is common salt (sodium chloride) added during the preparation of soap?


Answer: Common salt is added to solidify and precipitate out all the soap from the aqueous solution.
Question 30.

Why is soap not suitable for washing clothes when the water is hard?


Answer: Soap does not work properly when hard water is used. Hard water contains salt of calcium and magnesium. When soap is added with hard water, a large amount of soap in water reacts with the calcium and magnesium ions of hard water to form an insoluble precipitate called scum. This makes the cleaning of clothes difficult.
Question 31.

What happens when methane (natural gas) bums in air? Write the chemical equation of the reaction involved.


Answer: When methane (natural gas) bums in air, carbon dioxide and water vapour are formed.

CH4 + 2O2→ CO2 + 2H2O + Heat + Light


Question 32.

What happens when ethanoic acid reacts with sodium carbonate? Write chemical equation of the reaction involved.


Answer: When ethanoic acid reacts with sodium carbonate, sodium ethanoate and carbon dioxide are formed.


Question 33.

Give a test that can be used to differentiate chemically between butter and cooking oil.


Answer: Take butter and cooking oil in two separate test tubes and add bromine water in both the tubes. Cooking oil decolourises the bromine water which means it is an unsaturated compound whereas butter does not decolourise the bromine water showing it is a saturated compound.
Question 34.

Describe, giving equation, a chemical reaction which is characteristic of saturated hydrocarbons (or alkanes).


Answer: Substitution reaction is a characteristic of saturated hydrocarbons.

Methane reacts with chlorine in the presence of sunlight to form chloromethane and hydrogen chloride.


Question 35.

What is an oxidising agent? Name two oxidising agents which can oxidise ethanol to ethanoic acid.


Answer: An oxidising agent is one which oxidises other substances by providing oxygen or removing hydrogen. Alkaline potassium permanganate and acidified potassium dichromate can be used as oxidising agents.
Question 36.

Describe one reaction of a carboxylic acid.


Answer: Esterification reaction: When ethanoic acid reacts with ethanol in the presence of concentrated sulphuric acid (a catalyst), a sweet smelling ester (CH3CH2COOCH3) is produced.


Question 37.

Write names and formulae of hydrocarbons containing a single and a double bond (one example for each). Give one characteristic chemical property of each.


Answer: Hydrocarbon having single bond is methane (CH4). It is a saturated hydrocarbon hence, it undergoes substitution reaction with chlorine.

Hydrocarbon having double bond is ethene (CH2=CH2). It is a unsaturated hydrocarbon hence, it undergoes addition reaction in the presence of a catalyst like nickel or palladium.


Question 38.

What is a detergent? Name one detergent.


Answer: Detergents are generally ammonium or sulphonate salts of long chain carboxylic acids. Detergents are usually used to make shampoos and products for cleaning clothes.

Ex: Sodium n-dodecyl benzene sulphonate.


Question 39.

Why have detergents replaced soap as a washing agent ?


Answer: Detergents do not form insoluble precipitates with calcium and magnesium ions in hard water hence, they can be used for washing even with hard water. Thus, Detergents are better cleansing agents than soaps.
Question 40.

(a) How does ethanoic acid react with sodium hydrogencarbonate? Give equation of the reaction which takes place.


Answer: When ethanoic acid reacts with sodium carbonate, sodium ethanoate and carbon dioxide gas are formed.

2CH3COOH + Na2CO3→ 2CH3COONa + CO2 +H2O


Question 41.

Why are carbon and its compounds used as fuels for most applications?


Answer: Carbon and its compounds give a lot of heat and light when burnt in air.
Question 42.

Which of the two is better for washing clothes when the water is hard: soap or detergent? Give reason for your answer.


Answer: Detergent is better for washing clothes when the water is hard because detergents do not form insoluble calcium and magnesium salts with hard water, and hence can be used for washing even with hard water.
Question 43.

What is meant by a substitution reaction? Give an example (with equation) of the substitution reaction of an alkane.


Answer: Substitution reaction is a characteristic of saturated hydrocarbons. The reaction in which one (or more) hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon are replaced by some other atoms (like chlorine), is called a substitution reaction.

Example: Methane (CH4) reacts with chlorine in the presence of sunlight to form chloromethane and hydrogen chloride.


Question 44.

How is soap made? Write a word equation involved in soap making.


Answer: Soaps are made from animal fat or vegetable oils by heating it with sodium hydroxide.


Question 45.

How is ethanoic acid obtained from ethanol? Write down the chemical equation of the reaction involved.


Answer: when ethanol is oxidised with alkaline potassium permanganate (or acidified potassium dichromate, ethanoic acid is formed.


Question 46.

How would you distinguish between ethanol and ethanoic acid by chemical test?


Answer: Litmus test is used to distinguish between carboxylic acid and ethanol. When some blue litmus solution is added to the organic compound (to be tested), the colour of litmus solution turns red. It means the organic compound is acidic in nature, hence, it is a carboxylic acid. Ethanol has no effect on any litmus solution.

Litmus test: Some blue litmus solution is added to the organic compound (to be tested). If the blue litmus solution turns red, it shows that the organic compound is acidic in nature and hence it is a carboxylic acid (ethanoic acid). Ethanol has no effect on any litmus solution.


Question 47.

Explain the formation of scum when hard water is treated with soap.


Answer: Soap does not work properly when hard water is used. Hard water contains salt of calcium and magnesium. When soap is added with hard water, a large amount of soap in water reacts with the calcium and magnesium ions of hard water to form an insoluble precipitate called scum. This makes the cleaning of clothes difficult.
Question 48.

What happens when methane reacts with chlorine? Give equation of the reaction which takes place.


Answer: Methane reacts with chlorine in the presence of sunlight to form chloromethane and hydrogen chloride.


Question 49.

What is hydrogenation? What is its industrial application?


Answer: The addition of hydrogen to an unsaturated hydrocarbon to obtain a saturated hydrocarbon is called hydrogenation.

This reaction is commonly used in hydrogenation of vegetable oil into vegetable ghee (solid fat)


Question 50.

Give any two differences between soaps and detergents.


Answer: Differences between soaps and detergents:


Question 51.

What happens when ethanoic acid reacts with sodium hydroxide? Write equation of the reaction involved.


Answer: When ethanoic acid reacts with sodium hydroxide, sodium ethanoate and Water are formed.


Question 52.

What happens when vegetable oils are hydrogenated? Name the catalyst used.


Answer: Hydrogenation (addition of hydrogen) of vegetable oil in the presence of nickel catalyst gives vegetable ghee (solid fat).
Question 53.

What is the advantage of detergents over soaps for washing clothes? Also state One disadvantage.


Answer: Advantage: Detergents can be used even with hard water and have strong cleansing action whereas soaps cannot work effectively in hard water.

Disadvantage: Detergents are non-biodegradable, hence cause water pollution.


Question 54.

An organic compound X of molecular formula C2H4O2 gives brisk effervescence with sodium hydrogencarbonate. Give the name and formula of X.


Answer: Ethanoic acid, CH3COOH
Question 55.

A mixture of ethyne (acetylene) and oxygen is burnt for welding. Can you tell why a mixture of ethyne and air is not used?


Answer: A mixture of ethyne and air is not used for welding because when ethyne is burnt in air, it gives a sooty flame due to incomplete combustion which is not enough to melt metals for welding.
Question 56.

Name a chemical reaction which is characteristic of unsaturated hydrocarbons (like alkenes and alkynes).


Answer: Addition reaction is a characteristic of unsaturated hydrocarbons (like alkenes and alkynes).
Question 57.

What is meant by an addition reaction? Give an example (with equation) of an addition reaction of an alkene.


Answer: The reaction in which a substance adds completely on a another substance without the removal of small molecules are called addition reactions. Addition reaction is a characteristic of unsaturated hydrocarbons (like alkenes and alkynes).

Example: Ethene reacts with hydrogen when heated in the presence of nickel catalyst to form ethane.


Question 58.

What is added to groundnut oil when it is to be converted to vanaspati ghee?


Answer: When groundnut oil is to be converted to Vanaspati ghee, hydrogen is added.
Question 59.

Which of the two is better for our health: butter or vegetable oil? Why?


Answer: Vegetable oil is better for our health because it contains unsaturated fatty acids which are good for our health.

Long Answer Type Questions-pg-265
Question 1.

When ethanoic acid reacts with sodium hydrogencarbonate, then a salt X is formed and a gas Y is evolved. Name the salt X and gas Y. Describe an activity with the help of a labelled diagram of the apparatus used to prove that the evolved gas is the one which you have named. Also write the chemical equation of the reaction involved.


Answer: Salt X is sodium ethanoate, CH3COONa; Gas Y is carbon dioxide (CO2)

Activity:

� Take a boiling test tubes and put about 0.5 g of sodium carbonate in it.

� Also, take another tube and add some lime water in it.

� Then add 2 ml of dilute ethanoic acid in the boiling tube A. We will observe that brisk effervescence of carbon dioxide is produce.

� Pass the gas produced through lime water. Lime water turns milky.

� So, this experiment proves that when ethanoic acid reacts with sodium carbonate, then carbon dioxide gas is produced.


Question 2.

Give any two uses of ethanoic acid.


Answer: (i) 5-8 % solution of acetic acid in water is called vinegar and is used widely as a food preservative in pickles and sauces.

(ii) It is used in the manufacture of acetone and esters used in perfumes.


Question 3.

Esters are sweet-smelling substances and are used in making perfumes. Describe an activity for the preparation of an ester with the help of a well labelled diagram. Write an equation for the chemical reaction involved in the formation of the ester. Also, write the names of all the substances involved in the process of esterification.


Answer: Activity:

� Take 1 mL ethanol (absolute alcohol) and 1 mL glacial acetic acid along with a few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid in a test tube.

� Warm in a water-bath for at least five minutes.

� Pour into a beaker containing 20-50 mL of water and smell the resulting mixture.

� A sweet smell is obtained indicating the formation of ester.


Question 4.

State any two uses of esters.


Answer: Uses of esters:

(i) Esters are used in making perfumes and as flavouring agents.

(ii) Esters are used as solvents for oils, fats, gums, paints and varnishes, etc.


Question 5.

Name the reaction which is usually used in the conversion of vegetable oils to fats. Explain the reaction involved in detail. Write a chemical equation to illustrate your answer.


Answer: Hydrogenation is usually used in the conversion of vegetable oils to fats.

Hydrogenation (addition of hydrogen) of vegetable oil (which are unsaturated compounds) in the presence of nickel catalyst gives ghee (saturated compounds). This process is called hydrogenation of vegetables oil and can be represented as follows.


Question 6.

What is saponification? Write the chemical equation of the reaction involved in this process. Name all the substances which take part in this process and also those which are formed.


Answer: Soaps are made from animal fat or vegetable oils by heating it with sodium hydroxide.

This process of preparation of soap by the fats and oils hydrolysis with alkali is called saponification.


Question 7.

Why does micelle formation take place when soap is added to water? Will a micelle be formed in other solvents like ethanol also?


Answer: A soap is a sodium or potassium salt of long chain fatty acids. It has one polar end and one non-polar end. Polar end is hydrophilic in nature whereas non-polar end is hydrophobic. When soap is added to water, it forms a colloidal suspension in water in which the soap molecules cluster together to form spherical aggregates called micelles. In a soap micelle, soap molecules are arranged radially with hydrocarbon ends directed towards the centre and ionic ends directed outwards.

No, micelle will not be formed in other solvents such as ethanol.


Question 8.

What is a soap? Name one soap.


Answer: A soap is a sodium or potassium salt of long chain fatty acids.

Example: Sodium stearate, C17H35COO-Na+


Question 9.

Describe the structure of a soap molecule with the help of a diagram.


Answer: A soap molecule is made up of two parts: a long hydrocarbon part and a short ionic part containing the -COO-Na+ group. The long hydrocarbon part is hydrophobic and therefore, soluble in oil but insoluble in water. The short ionic part is hydrophilic in nature, so soluble in water but insoluble in oil.


Question 10.

Explain the cleansing action of soap. Draw diagrams to illustrate your answer.


Answer: Soaps are molecules in which the two ends have differing properties, one is hydrophilic, that is, it dissolves in water, while the other end is hydrophobic, that is, it dissolves in hydrocarbons. When soap is at the surface of water, the hydrophobic ‘tail’ of soap will not be soluble in water and the soap will align along the surface of water with the ionic end in water and the hydrocarbon ‘tail’ protruding out of water.

Inside water, these molecules have a unique orientation that keeps the hydrocarbon portion out of the water. This is achieved by forming clusters of molecules in which the hydrophobic tails are in the interior of the cluster and the ionic ends are on the surface of the cluster. This formation is called a micelle. Soap in the form of a micelle is able to clean, since the oily dirt will be collected in the centre of the micelle. The ionic ends in the micelles remain attached to water. When the dirty clothes are agitated in soap solution, the oily dirt particles entrapped by soap micelles get dispersed in water and the clothes get cleaned.



Multiple Choice Questions (mcqs)-pg-265
Question 1.

While cooking, if the bottom of the cooking utensil is getting blackened on the outside, it means that : A. the food is not cooked completely.B. the fuel is not burning completely.
C. the fuel is wet.
D. the fuel is burning completely.


Answer: While cooking, if the bottom of the cooking utensil is getting blackened on the outside, it means that the fuel is not burning completely.
Question 2.

When ethanol is heated with alkaline potassium permanganate solution, it gets converted into ethanoic acid. In this reaction, alkaline potassium permanganate acts as : A. reducing agentB. oxidising agent
C. catalyst
D. dehydrating agent


Answer: An oxidising agent is one which oxidises other substances by providing oxygen or removing hydrogen. Alkaline potassium permanganate and acidified potassium dichromate can be used as oxidising agents.
Question 3.

When ethanol is heated with concentrated sulphuric acid at 170 �C, it gets converted into ethene. In this reaction, concentrated sulphuric acid acts as : A. oxidising agentB. catalyst
C. dehydrating agent
D. reducing agent


Answer: Ethene (CH2=CH2) is formed when ethanol is heated with cone. H2S04 at 170 �C. This reaction is known as dehydration.
Question 4.

When a vegetable oil is treated with hydrogen in the presence of nickel (or palladium) catalyst, it forms a fat. This is an example of: A. anodizing reactionB. substitution reaction
C. displacement reaction
D. addition reaction


Answer: The addition of hydrogen to an unsaturated hydrocarbon to obtain a saturated hydrocarbon is called hydrogenation. This reaction is commonly used in hydrogenation of vegetable oil into vegetable ghee (solid fat)
Question 5.

The soap molecule has a: A. hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tailB. hydrophobic head and a hydrophilic tail
C. hydrophobic head and a hydrophobic tail
D. hydrophilic head and a hydrophilic tail


Answer: The soap molecule has a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail.
Question 6.

Chlorine reacts with saturated hydrocarbons at room temperature in the: A. absence of sunlightB. presence of sunlight
C. absence of moisture
D. presence of H2SO4


Answer: Methane (CH4) reacts with chlorine in the presence of sunlight to form chloromethane and hydrogen chloride.
Question 7.

In a soap micelle, the soap molecules are arranged radially with: A. ionic ends directed towards the centre and hydrocarbon ends directed outwardsB. hydrocarbon ends directed towards the centre and ionic ends directed outwards
C. both ionic ends and hydrocarbon ends directed towards the centre
D. both hydrocarbon ends and ionic ends directed outwards


Answer: In a soap micelle, the soap molecules are arranged radially with hydrocarbon ends directed towards the centre and ionic ends directed outwards.
Question 8.

When ethanol reacts with sodium metal, it forms two products. These products are: A. sodium ethanaoate and oxygenB. sodium ethanaoate and hydrogen
C. sodium ethoxide and oxygen
D. sodium ethoxide and hydrogen


Answer: When ethanol reacts with sodium, hydrogen gas is evolved.
Question 9.

Vinegar is a solution of about: A. 5 to 8 per cent ethanoic acid in alcoholB. 5 to 8 per cent ethanoic acid in water
C. 50 to 80 per cent ethanoic acid in water
D. 50 to 80 per cent ethanoic acid in alcohol


Answer: Vinegar is a solution of about 5 to 8 per cent ethanoic acid in water
Question 10.

One of the following substances is not added to make denatured alcohol. This is: A. methyl alcoholB. copper sulphate
C. chloroform
D. pyridine


Answer: Methyl alcohol, copper sulphate and pyridine are added to make denatured alcohol.
Question 11.

One of the following organic compounds cannot decolourise the red-brown colour of bromine water. This compound is:Options||A. C14H28
B. C7H12
C. C6H14
D.C9H16


Answer: Unsaturated hydrocarbons (cooking oil) decolourise the red-brown colour of bromine water whereas saturated hydrocarbons cannot decolourise.
Question 12.

The substance which can produce brisk effervescence with baking soda solution is : A. ethanolB. vegetable oil
C. vinegar
D. soap solution


Answer: : Vinegar is a solution of about 5 to 8 per cent ethanoic acid in water. It can can produce brisk effervescence with baking soda solution
Question 13.

The chemical which is not required for the preparation of soap in the laboratory is: A. vegetable oilB. baking soda
C. caustic soda
D. common salt


Answer: Following raw materials are required for making soap in a laboratory: (i) Vegetable oil (like castor oil, cottonseed oil or soyabean oil) (ii) Sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) (iii) Sodium chloride (common salt)
Question 14.

Which of the following can damage optic nerve leading to blindness, if taken internally? A. CH3COOHB. C2H50H
C. NaHCO3
D. CH3OH


Answer: Methanol affects the optic nerve, causing blindness.
Question 15.

The usual disease caused by the excessive drinking of alcohol over a long period of time is: A. diabetesB. cataract
C. cirrhosis
D. arthritis


Answer: The usual disease caused by the excessive drinking of alcohol over a long period of time is cirrhosis.
Question 16.

Which of the following molecular formula corresponds to ethyl butanoate ester? A. C5H10O2B. C6H12O2
C. C7H1402
D. C8H16O2


Answer: The molecular formula of ethyl butanoate ester is C6H12O2.

Questions Based On High Order Thinking Skills (hots)-pg-266
Question 1.

A neutral organic compound X of molecular formula C2H6O on oxidation with acidified potassium dichromate gives an acidic compound Y. Compound X reacts with Y on warming in the presence of cone. H2SO4 to give a sweet smelling substance Z. What are X, Y and Z?


Answer: X= ethanol; Y= ethanoic acid; and, Z = ethyl ethanoate
Question 2.

Consider the following organic compounds:HCHO, C2H5OH, C2H6, CH3COOH, C2H5Cl
Choose two compounds which can react in the presence of cone. H2SO4 to form an ester. Give the name and formula of the ester formed.


Answer: Ethanol (C2H5OH) and Ethanoic acid (CH3COOH).

Ester: Ethyl ethanoate, CH3COOC2H5


Question 3.

A neutral organic compound is warmed with some ethanoic acid and a little of cone. H2SO4. Vapours having sweet smell (fruity smell) are evolved. What type of functional group is present in this organic compound?


Answer: Alcohol group (-OH) is present in the organic compound.
Question 4.

The structural formula of an ester is:
Write the formula of the acid and the alcohol from which it is formed.


Answer: Carboxylic acid: CH3COOH; Alcohol: CH3CH2OH
Question 5.

Consider the following organic compounds:CH3OH, C2HsOH, CH3COCH3, CH3COOH, C2H5COOH, C4H9COOC2H5, CH4, C2H6, CH3CHO, HCHO
Out of these compounds:
(a) Which compound is most likely to be sweet-smelling?
(b) Which compound on treatment with cone. H2SO4 at 170 �C forms an alkene?
(c) Which compound on repeated chlorination forms chloroform?
(d) Which compound is added to alcohol to denature it?
(e) Which compound is a constituent of vinegar?
(f) Which compound is used to sterilise wounds and syringes?


Answer:

(a) Ester: C4H9COOC2H5;

(b) Alcohol (C2HsOH)

(c) Methane (CH4);

(d) Methanol (CH3OH);

(e) Acetic acid (CH3COOH);

(f) Ethanol (C2H5OH)


Question 6.

An organic acid X is a liquid, which often freezes during winter time in cold countries, having the molecular formula C2H4O2. On warming it with methanol in the presence of a few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid, a compound Y with a sweet smell is formed.(a) Identify X and Y. Also write their formulae showing the functional group present in them.
(b) Write a chemical equation for the reaction involved.


Answer: (a) X is ethanoic acid.

Y is methyl ethanoate.


Question 7.

An organic compound A having the molecular formula C3H8O is a liquid at room temperature. The organic liquid A reacts with sodium metal to evolve a gas which bums causing a little explosion. When the organic liquid A is heated with concentrated sulphuric acid at 170 �C, it forms a compound B which decolourises bromine water. The compound B adds on one molecule of hydrogen in the presence of Ni as catalyst to form compound C which gives substitution reactions with chlorine.(a) What is compound A?
(b) What is compound B?
(c) What type of reaction occurs when A is converted into B?
(d) What is compound C?
(e) What type of reaction takes place when B is converted into C?


Answer: (a) Compound A is propanol (CH3-CH2-CH2-OH)

(b) Compound B is propene (CH3-CH=CH2)

(c) Dehydration reaction

(d) Compound C is propane (CH3-CH2-CH3)

(d) Addition reaction


Question 8.

An organic compound A (molecular formula C2H4O2) reacts with Na metal to form a compound B and evolves a gas which burns with a pop sound. Compound A on treatment with an alcohol C in the presence of a little of concentrated sulphuric acid forms a sweet-smelling compound D (molecular formula C3H6O2). Compound D on treatment with NaOH solution gives back B and C. Identify A, B, C and D.


Answer: A is ethanoic acid (CH3COOH) ; B is sodium ethanoate (CH3COONa); C is methanol (CH3OH) and D is methyl ethanoate (CH3COOCH3).
Question 9.

Which of the following hydrocarbons can decolourise bromine water and which cannot? Why?C6H12, C6H14, C6H10


Answer: C6H12 and C6H10 can decolourise bromine water as they are unsaturated hydrocarbons whereas C6H14 cannot decolourise bromine water as it is a saturated hydrocarbon.
Question 10.

A four carbon atoms containing neutral organic compound X reacts with sodium metal to evolve a gas which burns with a 'pop' sound. Another four carbon atoms containing carbon compound (Y) reacts with sodium hydrogencarbonate to evolve a gas which turns lime water milky. When compounds X and Y are heated together in the presence of a little of concentrated sulphuric acid, then a new compound Z is formed.(a) What is compound X? Also write its formula.
(b) What is compound Y? Also write its formula,.
(c) What is compound Z? Also write its formula.
(d) What type of smell is given by compound Z?
(e) What is the general name of compounds like Z?
(f) What is the general name of the reaction which takes place between X and Y to form Z?


Answer: (a) X is butanol. C4H9OH.

(b) Compound Y is butanoic acid; C3H7COOH.

(c) Compound Z is butyl butanoate, C3H7COOC4H9

(d) Sweet smell

(e) The general name of compound Z is ester.

(f) Esterification



Short Answer Type Questions-pg-221
Question 1.

What is the atomic number of carbon. Write its electronic configuration.


Answer: The atomic number of electronic carbon is 6. Its configuration is 2, 4. Therefore, it contains 4 electrons in its outermost shell and it needs to gain or loss 4 electrons to attain stable noble gas configuration.
Question 2.

What type of chemical bonds are formed by carbon? Why?


Answer: Carbon forms four covalent bonds to attain the novel gas configuration by sharing its valence electrons.
Question 3.

Name the three allotropic forms of carbon.


Answer: Graphite, diamond and buckminsterfullerene are three allotropic forms of carbon.
Question 4.

What is the general name of all the compounds made up of carbon and hydrogen?


Answer: The general name of all the compounds made up of carbon and hydrogen is hydrocarbons.
Question 5.

Why does carbon form compounds mainly by covalent bonding?


Answer: Carbon forms compounds mainly by forming covalent bonds because it can attain the novel gas configuration by sharing its valence electrons.
Question 6.

What is meant by catenation? Name two elements which exhibit the property of catenation.


Answer: Carbon atoms have the unique ability to form bonds with other carbon atoms to form to large molecules. This property is called catenation. Carbon and silicon elements exhibit the property of catenation.
Question 7.

Write the names and structural formulae of all the possible isomers of hexane.


Answer: Isomers of hexane:


Question 8.

What is buckminsterfullerence? How is it related to diamond and graphite?


Answer: Buckminsterfullerene is an allotrope of carbon that was discovered in 1985 containing clusters of 60 carbon atoms joined together to form spherical molecules. When it is burnt, it forms carbon dioxide leaving nothing behind which means it is only made up of carbon and this is how it is related to diamond and graphite.
Question 9.

Why is diamond used for making cutting tools (lie glass cutters) but graphite is not?


Answer: Diamond is used for making cutting tools because of its hardness but graphite is not used as it is soft.
Question 10.

Why is graphite used for making dry cell electrodes but diamond is not?


Answer: Graphite is a good conductor of electricity while diamond is not and that’s why graphite is used for making dry cell electrodes but diamond is not.
Question 11.

Give the general formula of an: (i) alkane (ii) alkene (iii) alkyne.


Answer: The general formula of

(i) Alkane: CnH2n+2

(ii) Alkene: CnH2n

(iii) Alkyne: CnH2n-2


Question 12.

Classify the following compounds as alkanes, alkenes, an alkynes:C2H4, C3H4, C4H8, C5H8, C3H8, C5H12


Answer: Alkane-- C3H8, C5H12; Alkene: C2H4, C4H8; Alkyne: C3H4, C5H8,
Question 13.

(i) Friedrich Wohler converted an inorganic compound into an organic compound in the laboratory.(ii) Write the name and formula of organic compound formed.


Answer: (i) Friedrich Wohler disproved the vital force theory by preparing urea from inorganic compound called ammonium cyanate (NH4 CNO).

(ii) Formed organic compound is urea CO(NH2)2


Question 14.

Give the molecular formula of butane and mention the names of its two isomers. Name one fuel which contains both these isomers.


Answer: Molecular formula of butane is C4H10. The isomers of butane are n-butane and 2-methylpropane. LPG (a fuel) contains both these isomers.
Question 15.

Give IUPAC names and formulae of an organic compound containing single bonds and the other containing both a triple bond.


Answer: The IUPAC name of an organic compound which has single bonds is ethane. The molecular formula of propane is C2H6.

The IUPAC name of an organic compound which has triple bond is ethyne. The molecular formula of ethyne is C2H2.


Question 16.

Which of the following is the molecular formula of benzene?C6H6, C6H10, C6H12, C6H14,


Answer: The molecular formula of benzene is C6H6.
Question 17.

Which of the two has a branches chain: isobutene or normal butane?


Answer: Isobutane has branches chain.
Question 18.

Catenation is the ability of an atom to form bonds with other atoms of the same element. It is exhibited by both carbon and silicon. Compare the ability of catenation of the two elements. Give reasons.


Answer: Carbon forms very strong bonds with other elements and makes the carbon compound very stable whereas silicon forms compound with hydrogen which have chains of upto seven or eight atoms, but these compounds are very reactive because of weak bonds.
Question 19.

how can diamonds be made artificially? How do synthetic diamonds differ from natural ones?


Answer: Diamonds can be synthesised by subjecting pure carbon to very high pressure and temperature. These synthetic diamonds are small but are otherwise indistinguishable from natural diamonds.
Question 20.

Give any two differences between the properties of diamond and graphite. What causes these differences?


Answer: (i) Diamond is a bad conductor of electricity whereas graphite is a good conductor of electricity.

(ii) Diamond is a hard substance whereas graphite is soft.

The difference in the physical properties of diamond and graphite arises because of the arrangements of carbon atoms different in both diamond and graphite.


Question 21.

Why does the element carbon form a large number of carbon compounds?


Answer: The element carbon forms a large number of carbon compounds because carbon atoms can get linked to each other by covalent bonds to form long chains.
Question 22.

Write down the structure and name of two isomers of butane (C4H10).


Answer: Isomer of butane (C4H10):


Question 23.

Give the name and structure formula of one member each of the following:(i) alkane
(ii) alkene
(iii) alkyne
(iv) cycloalkane


Answer:

(i) alkane:

(ii) Alkene:

(iii) Alkyne:

(iv) Cycloalkane:


Question 24.

Give the common name of (i) ethyne, and (ii) ethane.


Answer:

(i) The common name of ethyne is acetylene.

(ii) The common name of ethane is ethylene.


Question 25.

Write the molecular formula and structure of benzene.


Answer: The molecular formula of benzene is C6H6.


Question 26.

What is the unique property of carbon atom? How is the property helpful to us?


Answer: The unique property of carbon atoms is their ability to link with each other through covalent bonds. This property is useful for us as it can give rise to a large number of carbon compounds.
Question 27.

Explain why, diamond is hard while graphite is soft (though both are made of carbon atoms).


Answer: in a diamond crystal, each carbon atom is bonded to 4 other carbon atoms through strong covalent bonds. These four atoms form four vertices of a regular tetrahedron which form a rigid structure and thus make it hard. The structure of graphite is very different from that of diamond. A graphite crystal consists of layers of carbon atoms or sheets of carbon atoms and these layers are held together by weak Van der Waals forces making it a soft substance.
Question 28.

Giving their structures, state the number of single bonds and triple bonds (if any) in the following compounds:(i) ethyne
(ii) ethane
(iii) benzene


Answer:

(i) Ethyne:

In ethyne, single bond is two and triple bond is one.

(ii) Ethane:

In ethane, single bond is seven and no triple bond.

(iii) Benzene:

In benzene, single bond is nine and no triple bond.


Question 29.

Write the molecular formula and structure of cyclohexane. How many covalent bonds are there in a molecular of cyclohexane?


Answer: Molecular formula of cyclohexane is C6H12. No of covalent bonds in cyclohexane molecule is 18.
Question 30.

Write the points of different in the structure of diamond and graphite.


Answer:


Question 31.

Explain why, graphite can be used as a lubricant but diamond and graphite.


Answer: In graphite, each carbon atom is bonded with 3 other carbon atoms to form hexagonal rings which join together by weak Vander Waal forces to form layers. Due to the weak force, these layers can slide over each other and therefore, graphite can be used as a lubricant. Whereas diamond being extremely hard cannot be used as a lubricant.
Question 32.

Explain why, diamond can be used in rock drilling equipment but graphite cannot.


Answer: In diamond, each carbon atom is bonded to 4 other carbon atoms through strong covalent bonds. These four atoms form four vertices of a regular tetrahedron which form a rigid structure and thus make it hard. Hence, it is used in rock drilling equipments but graphite is soft and hence not used in rock drilling equipments.
Question 33.

State one use of diamond which depend on its ‘extraordinary brilliance’ and use of graphite which depends on its being ‘black and quite soft.’


Answer: Diamonds are used in making jewellery because of its extraordinary brilliance while graphite is used for making pencils leads because of its black and soft nature.

Long Answer Type Questions-pg-222
Question 1.

What is diamond? Of what substance is diamond made?


Answer: Diamond is a well-known allotrope of carbon. It is a colourless transparent substance having extraordinary brilliance due to its high refractive index. It is made up carbon which is black.
Question 2.

Describe the structure of diamond.


Answer: A diamond crystal is a giant molecule of carbon atoms in which each carbon atom is linked to four other carbon atoms by strong covalent bonds forming a rigid three-dimensional network structure, which is responsible for its hardness.


Question 3.

Explain why, diamond has a high melting point.


Answer: In diamond crystal, each carbon atom is covalently bonded to other four carbon atoms to form three-dimensional network structure. This network is very strong and rigid. A lot of energy is required to break the network of strong covalent bonds in the diamond crystal. This makes the diamond’s melting point very high.
Question 4.

State any two uses of diamond.


Answer: Uses of diamond:

(i) It is used in knives for cutting marble, granite and glass.

(ii) It is used in making jewellery.


Question 5.

What is graphite? Of what substance is graphite made?


Answer: Graphite is an allotrope of carbon. It is a greyish black opaque substance. Graphite is formed by carbon atoms.
Question 6.

Describe the structure of graphite with the help of a labeled diagram.


Answer: A graphite crystal consists of layers of carbon atoms or sheets of carbon atoms. In graphite, each carbon atom is bonded to three other carbon atoms by covalent bonds in the same plane giving a hexagonal array.


Question 7.

Why is graphite a good conductor of electricity but diamond is a non- conductor of electricity?


Answer: Graphite is good conductor of electricity because of presence of free electron whereas diamond doesn’t have free electrons and is a non-conductor of electricity.
Question 8.

State any two uses of graphite.


Answer: Uses of graphite:

(i) It is used in making electrode in cells.

(ii) It is used as a powered lubricant for the parts of machinery.


Question 9.

Explain the term ‘isomers’. Give one example of isomers.


Answer: Isomers: Organic compounds with identical molecular formula but different structures are called isomers. Iso-pentane and neopentane are two isomers represented by the molecular formula C5H12.
Question 10.

Write (i) structural formula, and (ii) electron-dot structure, of any one isomer of n-heptane (C7H16).


Answer: Isomer of n-heptane: 2-methylhexane

(i) Structural formula of 2-methylhexane:

(ii) Electron-dot structure of 2-methylhexane:


Question 11.

Write IUPAC name of the compound having the formula n-C4H10.


Answer: The IUPAC name of of the compound having the formula n-C4H10 is butane.

n-C4H10


Question 12.

Give the IUPAC names for the following:




Answer:

IUPAC name: 2-methylpropane

IUPAC name: 2-methylbutane

IUPAC name: Propene

IUPAC name: Propyne


Question 13.

What are hydrocarbons? Explain with examples.


Answer: Hydrocarbons: All compounds which contain just carbon and hydrogen are called hydrocarbons. For example: Methane (CH4), Ethane (C2H6), Propane (C3H8), Ethene(C2H4) and ethyne (C2H2) are examples of hydrocarbons because these are made up of only carbon and hydrogen.
Question 14.

Explain the meaning of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons with two examples each.


Answer: Saturated hydrocarbons: The hydrocarbons in which all the carbon atoms are connected by only single bonds are called saturated hydrocarbons or alkanes.

The general formula of saturated hydrocarbons is CnH2n+2, where, n=number of carbon atoms in a one molecule of hydrocarbon.

Example: Methane (CH4), Ethane (C2H6), Butane (C4H10)

Unsaturated hydrocarbons: The hydrocarbons in which atleast one double or triple bond is present along with single bonds are called unsaturated hydrocarbons.


Question 15.

Give the names and structure formulae of one saturated cyclic hydrocarbon and one unsaturated hydrocarbon.


Answer: Cyclohexane (C6H12) is a saturated cyclic hydrocarbon.

Benzene (C6H6) is an unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbon.


Question 16.

Give one example of a hydrocarbon, other than pentane, having more than three isomers.


Answer: Hexane is an example of a hydrocarbon which having more than three isomers. The isomers of hexane are:


Question 17.

How many isomers of the following hydrocarbons are possible?(i) C3H8,
(ii) C4H10,
(iii) C5H12,
(iv) C6H14,


Answer: (i) There is no isomers of propane (C3H8).

(ii) C4H10: Butane has two isomers-n-butane and iso-butane.

(iii) C5H12: Pentane has thee isomers. Isomers of pentane (C5H12):

(iv) C6H14: Hexane (C6H14) has five isomers. The isomers of hexane (C6H14) are:



Multiple Choice Questions (mcqs)-pg-223
Question 1.

Buckministerfullerence is an allotropic form of the element: A. phosphorusB. fluorine
C. carbon
D. Sulphur


Answer: Diamond, graphite and buckministerfullerence are allotropic form of carbon. Buckminsterfullerene was discovered in 1985 containing clusters of 60 carbon atoms joined together to form spherical molecules.
Question 2.

Out of the following pairs of compounds, the unsaturated compounds are: A. C2H6 and C4H6,B. C6H12 and C5H12
C. C4H6 and C6H12
D. C2H6 and C4H10


Answer: The hydrocarbons in which at least one double or triple bond is present along with single bonds are called unsaturated hydrocarbons. C4H6 and C6H12 are examples of unsaturated hydrocarbons.
Question 3.

The number of covalent bonds in pentane (molecular formula C5H12) is A. 5B. 12
C. 17
D. 16


Answer: The number of covalent bonds in pentane (C5H12) is 16. Pentane is a saturated hydrocarbon in which all the carbon atoms are connected by only single bonds.
Question 4.

The property of self- combination of the same element to form long chains is known as: A. protonationB. Carbonation
C. coronation
D. catenation


Answer: The property of self-linking of the same elements through covalent bonds to form long straight chain or cyclic rings is called catenation. Carbon and silicon elements exhibit the property of catenation.
Question 5.

A cyclic hydrocarbon having carbon-carbon single bonds as well as carbon-carbon double bonds in its molecule is: A. C6H12B. C6H14
C. C6H6
D. C6H10


Answer: Benzene is an example of unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbon which having carbon-carbon single bonds as well as carbon-carbon double bonds in its molecule.
Question 6.

The hydrocarbon 2-methylbutane is an isomer of: A. n-pentaneB. n-butane
C. propane
D. iso-butane


Answer: The hydrocarbon 2-methylbutane is an isomer of n-pentane.
Question 7.

An unsaturated hydrocarbon having a triple covalent bond has 50 hydrogen atoms in its molecule will be: A. 24B. 25
C. 26
D. 28


Answer: Those unsaturated hydrocarbons which have one or more triple bonds along with the single bonds are called alkynes. The general formula of alkynes is CnH2n-2. For example, if an unsaturated hydrocarbon has 50 hydrogen atoms in its molecule, then number of carbon atom in its molecule will be 26. C26H26X2-2 = C26H50
Question 8.

An alkyne has seventy-five carbon atoms in its molecule. The number of hydrogen atoms in its molecule will be: A. 150B. 148
C. 152
D. 146


Answer: Those unsaturated hydrocarbons which have one or more triple bonds along with the single bonds are called alkynes. The general formula of alkynes is CnH2n-2. Here, n is number of carbon atoms. If number of carbon atoms (n)=75 Then, CnH2n-2 = C75H75X2-2 =C75H148 The number of hydrogen atoms is 148.
Question 9.

A diamond-toothed saw is usually used for cutting: A. steel girdersB. logs of wood
C. marble slabs
D. asbestos sheets


Answer: A diamond-toothed saw is usually used for cutting marble slabs because of its hardness.
Question 10.

The organic compound prepared by Wohler from an inorganic compound called ammonium cyanate was: A. glucoseB. urea
C. uric acid
D. vinegar


Answer: Friedrich Wohler disproved the vital force theory by preparing urea from inorganic compound called ammonium cyanate (NH4 CNO).
Question 11.

One of the following is not an allotrope of carbon. This is: A. diamond
B. graphite
C. cumene
D. buckministerfullerence


Answer: Diamond, graphite and buckministerfullerence are allotrope of carbon.
Question 12.

The number of carbon atoms in the organic compound named as 2, 2-dimethylpropane is: A. twoB. five
C. three
D. four


Answer: 2, 2-dimethylpropane has 5 carbon atoms in its molecule.
Question 13.

The pair of elements which exhibits the property of catenation is: A. sodium and siliconB. chlorine and carbon
C. carbon and sodium
D. silicon and carbon


Answer: The property of self-linking of the same elements through covalent bonds to form long straight chain or cyclic rings is called catenation. Carbon and silicon elements exhibit the property of catenation.
Question 14.

A saturated hydrocarbon has fifty hydrogen atoms in its molecule. The number of carbon atoms in its molecule will be: A. twenty-fiveB. twenty-four
C. twenty-six
D. twenty-seven


Answer: The general formula of saturated hydrocarbon is CnH2n+2. Here n is number of carbon atoms. If a saturated hydrocarbon has fifty hydrogen atoms in its molecule, then the number of carbon atoms in its molecule will be 24. C24H2X24+2 = C24H50
Question 15.

A hydrocarbon having one double bond has 100 carbon atoms in its molecule. The number of hydrogen atoms in its molecule will be: A. 200B. 198
C. 202
D. 196


Answer: Hydrocarbons having at least one double bond between two carbon atoms are called alkenes. The general formula of alkenes is CnH2n. Here, n is number of carbon atoms. If number of carbon atom is (n)=100 Then, CnH2n=C100H200
Question 16.

The hydrocarbon which has alternate single and double bonds arranged in the form of a ring is: A. cyclobutaneB. benzene
C. butene
D. hexane


Answer: Benzene is an organic compound with the molecular formula C6H6. It is a six-carbon ring in which carbon atoms are joined by alternating single and double bonds.
Question 17.

Which of the following cannot exhibit isomerism? A. C4H10B. C5H12
C. C3H8
D. C6H14


Answer: At least four carbon atoms are required for hydrocarbons to show isomerism. Thus propane (C3H8) has three carbon atoms in its molecule so it does not exhibit isomerism.
Question 18.

The pencil leads are made of mainly: A. lithiumB. charcoal
C. lead
D. graphite


Answer: Graphite is used for making lead for pencil as it is soft and leaves black mark on the paper.
Question 19.

The number of isomers formed by the hydrocarbon with molecular formula C5H12 is: A. 2B. 5
C. 3
D. 4


Answer: Three structural isomers are possible for pentane (C5H12): (i) n-pentane CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH3 (ii) 2-methylbutane (iii) 2,2 dimethyl propane
Question 20.

The number of carbon atoms joined in a spherical molecule of buckministerfullerence is: A. fiftyB. sixty
C. seventy
D. ninety


Answer: Buckminsterfullerene is an allotrope of carbon that was discovered in 1985 containing clusters of 60 carbon atoms joined together to form spherical molecules.

Questions Based On High Order Thinking Skills (hots)-pg-224
Question 1.

A solid element X has four electrons in the outermost shell of its atom. An allotrope Y of this element is used as a dry lubricant in machinery and also in making pencil leads.(a) What is element X?
(b) Name the allotrope Y?
(c) State whether allotrope Y is a good conductor or non-conductor of electricity.
(d) Name one use of allotrope Y (other than lubrication and pencil leads)
(e) Name two other allotropes of element X.


Answer: (a) Element X is carbon.

(b) Allotrope Y is graphite.

(c) Allotrope Y is a good conductor of electricity (due to the presence of free electron).

(d) Allotrope Y is used for making electrodes of cells.

(e) Diamond and Buckministerfullerence are allotropes of element X.


Question 2.

Two organic compounds A and B have the same molecular formula C6H12. Write the names and structural formulae:(a) if A is cyclic compound
(b) if B is an open chain compound
(c) Which compound contains single bonds as well as a double bond?
(d) Which compound contains only single bonds?


Answer: (a) (A) Cyclohexane C6H12

(b) Hexene (B) C6H12

(c)Compound B contains single bonds as well as a double bond.

(d) Compound A contains only single bonds.


Question 3.

The solid element A exhibits the property of catenation. It is also present in the form of a gas B in the air which is utilized by plants in photosynthesis. An allotrope C of this element is used in glass cutters.(a) What is element A?
(b) What is the gas B?
(c) Name the allotrope C.
(d) State another use of allotrope C (other than in glass cutters)
(e) Name another allotrope of element A which exists as spherical molecules.
(f) Name a yet another allotrope of element A which conducts electricity.


Answer: (a) Element A is carbon.

(b) The gas B is carbon dioxide (CO2).

(c) The allotrope C is diamond.

(d) Allotrope C is used for making jewellery.

(e) Buckministerfullerence is also allotrope of carbon which exists as spherical molecules.

(f) Graphite is an allotrope of carbon which conducts electricity.


Question 4.

An element E exist in three allotrope forms A, B and C. in allotrope A, the atoms of element E are joined to form a sheet like structure. In allotrope B, each atom of element E is surrounded by four other E atoms to form a rigid structure.(a) Name the element E.
(b) What is allotrope A?
(c) What is allotrope B?
(d) What is allotrope C?
(e) Which allotrope is used in making jewellery?
(f) Which allotrope is used in making anode of a dry cell?


Answer: (a) The element E is carbon.

(b) The allotrope A is graphite.

(c) The allotrope B is diamond.

(d) The allotrope C is buckministerfullerence.

(e) The allotrope B is used in making jewellery.

(f) The allotrope A is used in making anode of a dry cell.


Question 5.

You are given the following molecular formulae of some hydrocarbons:C5H8; C7H14; C5H10; C7H12; C6H12;
(a) Which formula represent cyclohexane as well as hexane?
(b) Which formula represent benzene?
(c) Which three formulae represent open chain
(d) Which two formulae represent unsaturated hydrocarbons having double bonds?
(e) Which three formulae can represent cyclic hydrocarbons?


Answer:
Question 6.

Which of the following compounds can have a triple bond?C2H4, C3H4, C3H6,


Answer: The hydrocarbons which having triple bond are called alkyne. The general formula of alkyne is CnH2n-2. Here, n is number of carbon atoms.

In alkyne, the number of hydrogen atom is 2 less than double the number of carbon atoms.

Thus, the compound C3H4 (Propyne) have a triple bond.


Question 7.

Write the molecular and structural formula of a cyclic hydrocarbon whose molecule contains 8 atoms of carbon.


Answer: The molecular formula is C8H16.

The structural formula is


Question 8.

What is the molecular formula and structural formula of a cyclic hydrocarbon whose one molecule contains 8 hydrogen atoms?


Answer: The molecular formula of cyclic hydrocarbon is C4H8 (Cyclobutane). The structural formula of a cyclic hydrocarbon:


Question 9.

Write the molecular formula of: (i) an alkane (ii) an alkene, and (iii) an alkyne, each having 20 carbon atoms?


Answer: (i) The molecular formula of al alkane is CnH2n+2. Here, n is number of carbon atoms.

If number of carbon atoms (n)=20

Then, the molecular formula of alkane is C20H42.

(ii) The molecular formula of al alkene is CnH2n. Here, n is number of carbon atoms.

If number of carbon atoms (n)=20

Then, the molecular formula of alkene is C20H40.

(iii) The molecular formula of al alkyne is CnH2n-2. Here, n is number of carbon atoms.

If number of carbon atoms (n)=20

Then, the molecular formula of alkyne is C20H38.


Question 10.

Which of the following compounds can have a double bond?C4H10; C5H8; C5H10;


Answer: The compound having a double bond is called an alkene. The general formula of alkene is CnH2n.

In alkene, the number of hydrogen bond is exactly equal to double the number of carbon atoms. Thus, the compound C5H10 have a double bond.


Question 11.

Which of the following hydrocarbons is unsaturated?C3H4; C2H6;


Answer: C2H6 is a saturated hydrocarbon because if the number of hydrogen atoms is 2 more than double the number of carbon atoms, then it will be an alkane or saturated hydrocarbon. The general formula of alkane is CnH2n+2. Here, n is number of carbon atoms.

Thus, C2H6 (ethane) is a saturated hydrocarbon.

If the number of hydrogen atoms is 2 less than double the number of carbon atoms, then it will be an alkyne. The general formula of alkyne is CnH2n-2. Here, n is number of carbon atoms. Alkynes are unsaturated hydrocarbons.

Thus, C3H4 (Propyne) is an unsaturated hydrocarbon.



Very Short Answer Type Questions-pg-239
Question 1.

Write the molecular formula of ethanol.


Answer: The molecular formula of ethanol is C2H5OH.
Question 2.

What is the next higher homologue of methanol (CH3OH)?


Answer: The next higher homologue of methanol is ethanol (C2H5OH).
Question 3.

Identify the functional group present in the following compound and name it according to IUPAC system: CH3OH


Answer: The functional group present in the CH3OH is alcohol (-OH). The IUPAC name of CH3OH is: Methanol.
Question 4.

Give the common name and IUPAC name of the simplest aldehyde.


Answer: The common name of simplest aldehyde is formaldehyde.

The IUPAC name of formaldehyde is methanal.


Question 5.

What is the common name of methanol?


Answer: The common name of methanol is methyl alcohol.
Question 6.

Write the names of the following functional group:(a)
(b)


Answer: (a) Alkyne (b) Alkene
Question 7.

Name the simplest ketone.


Answer: The simplest ketone is acetone (CH3COCH3). It is also known as propanone.
Question 8.

What is the common name of propanone?


Answer: The common name of propanone is acetone.
Question 9.

Write the IUPAC names of the following:(i) CH3COCH3
(ii) CH3COCH2CH3


Answer: (i) The IUPAC name of CH3COCH3: Propanone

(ii) The IUPAC name of CH3COCH2CH3: Butanone


Question 10.

Write the name and chemical formula of the simplest organic acid.


Answer: The simplest organic acid is formic acid (HCOOH).
Question 11.

Write the IUPAC names, common names and formulae of the first two members of the homologous series of carboxylic acids.


Answer:


Question 12.

What is the common name of:(a) methanoic acid, and (b) ethanoic acid?


Answer: (a) The common name of methanoic acid is formic acid.

(b) The common name of ethanoic acid is acetic acid.


Question 13.

Draw the structure for the following compounds:(a) Ethanoic acid (b) Propanoic acid


Answer: (a) Ethanoic acid

(b) Propanoic acid:


Question 14.

Give the common names and IUPAC names of the following compounds:(a) HCOOH
(b) CH3COOH


Answer: (a) HCOOH:

Common name: Formic acid

IUPAC Name: Methanoic acid

(b) CH3COOH

Common name: Acetic acid

IUPAC Name: Ethanoic acid


Question 15.

Give the name and structural formula of one homologue of HCOOH.


Answer: Ethanoic acid (CH3COOH) is homologue of HCOOH.


Question 16.

Write the formulae of:(a) methanoic acid, and
(b) ethanoic acid.


Answer: (a) The molecular formula of methanoic acid is HCOOH.

(b) The formula of ethanoic acid is CH3COOH.


Question 17.

Give the common name and IUPAC name of C2H5OH.


Answer: The common name of C2H5OH is ethyl alcohol. The IUPAC name is ethanol.
Question 18.

Give the IUPAC name of the following compound:C3H7OH


Answer: The IUPAC name of C3H7OH is propanol.
Question 19.

Give the name and structural formula of one member of the following:Alcohols


Answer: Propanol (C3H7OH)


Question 20.

Give IUPAC name of the following compounds:(a) C4H9OH
(b) C5H11OH


Answer: (a) IUPAC name of C4H9OH: Butanol

(b) IUPAC name of C5H11OH: Pentanol


Question 21.

What is the common name of ethanol?


Answer: The common name of ethanol is methyl alcohol.
Question 22.

What is the difference between two consecutive homologues:(i) in terms of molecular mass?
(ii) in terms of number and kind of atoms per molecule?


Answer: (i) The 14 u is the difference in the molecular masses of any two adjacent homologues.

(ii) The two adjacent homologues differ by one carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms in their molecular formulae.


Question 23.

What type of fuels:(a) burn with a flame?
(b) burn without a flame?


Answer: (a) The fuels which are vaporizable (can be converted to vapours) burns with flame. For example, petrol, candle and LPG in the gas burns with flame.

(b) The fuels which do not vaporize, burn without flame. For example; coal burns without flame.


Question 24.

State whether the following statements is true or false:The minimum number of carbon atoms in a ketone molecule is two.


Answer: This statement is false because ketone has minimum three number of carbon atoms in its molecule.


Question 25.

Fill in the following blanks with suitable words:(a) The next higher homologues of ethanol is ………………
(b) The next homologues of C2H5OH is ……………………………….
(c) The next higher homologues of ethane is …………………………..
(d) The functional group present in ethanol is ………………………..
(e) Organic compounds having ----- PICTURE---- OH functional group are known as ………………………….


Answer: (a) Propanol (b) C3H7OH (c) Propane

(d) -OH (alcohol) (e) carboxylic acids



Short Answer Type Questions-pg-240
Question 1.

The general formula of a homologues series of carbon compounds is CnH2n. Write the molecular formulae of the second and fourth members of the series.


Answer: The general formula of homologues series of alkenes is CnH2n. The molecular formula of second member of alkenes series is C3H6. The second member of alkenes series contains three carbon atoms.

The molecular formula of fourth member of alkenes series is C5H10.


Question 2.

Give the general name of the class of compounds having the general formula CnH2n-2. Write name of the first member of this homologues series.


Answer: The general name of the class of compounds having the general formula CnH2n-2 is alkynes. The first member of the alkynes homologues series is ethyne.
Question 3.

Write the molecular formulae of the third and fifth members of homologues series of carbon compounds represented by the general formula CnH2n+2


Answer: The molecular formula of third and fifth members of alkanes series are C3H8 and C5H12.
Question 4.

(a) Give the names and structural formulae of the next two higher homologues of methane.(b) The molecular formula of a hydrocarbon is C2H5. Name its homologues series.
(c) Select the hydrocarbons which are members of the same homologues series. Give the name of each series. C5H10; C3H8; C4H10; C7H12; C8H16


Answer: (a) The next two Higher homologues of methane are ethane and propane.

(c) Homologous series is a series of organic compounds having similar properties in which the successive members differ by a -CH2 group.

Alkanes: C3H8; C4H10

Alkenes: C5H10; C8H16

Alkynes: C7H12


Question 5.

(a) Give the molecular formula of one homologue of each of the following:(i) C3H6
(ii) C2H6
(iii) C2H2


Answer: (i) C4H8 (ii) C3H8 (iii) C3H4
Question 6.

What is the difference in the molecular mass of any two adjacent homologues?


Answer: The 14 u is the difference in the molecular mass of any two adjacent homologues.
Question 7.

By how many carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms do any two adjacent homologues differ?


Answer: Any two adjacent homologues differ by 1 carbon atom and 2 hydrogen atoms in their molecular formulae.
Question 8.

Write the formula of the functional group present in carboxylic acids.


Answer: The formula of the functional group present in carboxylic acids is -COOH.
Question 9.

Name the functional group present in CH3 – C ≡ CH.


Answer: The functional group present in CH3 – C ≡ CH is .

This Functional Group is an Alkyne Group which contain carbon- carbon Triple bond.


Question 10.

Name the functional groups present in the following compounds(i) CH3CHO (ii) CH3CH2COOH (iii) CH3COCH3 (iv) CH3CH2CH2OH


Answer:

(i) Aldehyde

(ii) Carboxylic acid

(iii) Ketone

(iv) Alcohol


Question 11.

Write the IUPAC name and common name of CH3CI.


Answer: The IUPAC name of CH3CI: Chloromethane

Common name of CH3CI: Methyl chloride


Question 12.

Draw the structure of chlorobutane.


Answer: Chlorobutane:


Question 13.

Draw the structure for bromopentane. Are structural isomers possible for bromopentane?


Answer: Bromopentane:

Yes, Structural isomers are possible for bromopentane.


Question 14.

Write the name and formula of an organic compound containing a ketone functional group.


Answer: Acetone (CH3COCH3) is an organic compound which contains a ketone as functional group. It is a simplest ketone. The IUPAC name of CH3COCH3 is propanone.


Question 15.

Write the names and formulae for the first three members of the homologues series of chlorolkanes.


Answer: (i) Chloromethane (CH3Cl):

(ii) Chloroethane (C2H5Cl):

(iii) Chloropropane (C3H7Cl):


Question 16.

How would you name the following compound?CH3-CH2-BR


Answer: The name of CH3-CH2-BR: Ethylbromide
Question 17.

What is the general name of the organic compounds containing the- group.


Answer: Ketones are the organic compounds containing the -CO- group.
Question 18.

Which of the following compounds contains a carboxylic acid group?CH3OH, CH3COOH, CH3CHO, CH3COCH3


Answer: CH3COOH compound contains a carboxylic acid (-COOH) group.
Question 19.

How would you name the compound?HCOOH


Answer: The common name of methanal (HCHO) is formaldehyde.
Question 20.

Define a homologues series. Give the name and structural formula of one homologues of the following:CH3OH


Answer: A series of organic compounds in which hydrogen in a carbon chain is replaced by the same functional group, is called homologous series. Any two adjacent homologues differ by (-CH2) in their molecular formulae.

Ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH) is a successive homologous of methyl alcohol (CH3OH). The IUPAC name of ethyl alcohol is ethanol.


Question 21.

Write the molecular formula of the third member of the homologues series of carbon compounds with general formula CnH2n+1OH.


Answer: The general formula of homologous series of alcohol is CnH2n+1 -OH. Here, n is the number of carbon atoms in alcohol molecule.

If number of carbon atom (n)=3

Then, C3H2X3+1 OH= C3H7OH

Thus, the molecular formula of the third member of the homologues series of alcohol is C3H7OH. The IUPAC name of C3H7OH is propanol.


Question 22.

Name any two fossil fuels.


Answer: Coal and petroleum are called fossil fuels because they were formed by the remains of prehistoric plants and animals buried under the earth long ago.
Question 23.

Draw the structure for the following compounds:(i) Propanone (ii) Butanone


Answer: (i) Structure of Propanone (CH3COCH3):

(ii) Structure of butanone (CH3CH2COCH3)


Question 24.

Write the IUPAC names of the following:(i) HCHO (ii) CH3CHO (iii) CH3CH2CHO (iv) CH3CH2CH2CHO


Answer: (i) The IUPAC name of HCHO is Methanal.

(ii) The IUPAC name of CH3CHO is Ethanal.

(iii) The IUPAC name of CH3CH2CHO is Propanal.

(iv) The IUPAC name of CH3CH2CH2CHO Butanal.


Question 25.

Which functional group is likely to be present in an organic compound having the molecular formula C4H10O? Write formula of the organic compound.


Answer: Alcohol group (-OH); The formula of organic compound is C4H9OH.
Question 26.

(a) Match the formulae in group A with appropriate names from group B:Group A: CH3COOH, CH3CHO, CH3OH
Group B: Ethanol, Methanol, Ethanal, Ethanoic acid


Answer: CH3COOH: Ethanoic acid;

CH3CHO: Ethanal;

CH3OH: Methanol


Question 27.

Draw the structure of butanoic acid.


Answer: Structure of butanoic acid (CH3CH2CH2COOH)


Question 28.

What is the IUPAC name of acetic acid ?


Answer: IUPAC name of acetic acid (CH3COOH) is Ethanoic acid.
Question 29.

Which functional group do you think can be present in an organic compound having the molecular formula C5H10O2? Write the formula of the organic compound.


Answer: Carboxylic acid group (-COOH); The formula of the organic compound is C4H9COOH.
Question 30.

Give one example each of the compounds having the following functional groups:(i) Aldehyde group (ii) Alcohol group (iii) Carboxylic acid group (iv) Halo group


Answer: (i) Methanal -HCHO

(ii) Ethanol -CH3CH2OH

(iii) Ethanoic acid-CH3COOH

(iv) Chloroethane-CH3CH2Cl


Question 31.

Give one example each of the compounds having the following functional groups:(i) Aldehyde group
(ii) Alkyne group


Answer:

(i) Ethanal -CH3CHO

(ii) Ethyne -C2H2


Question 32.

What is the molecular formula and structure of the alcohol which can be thought to be derived from pentane?


Answer:

Molecular formula of the alcohol is C5H11OH or C5H12O.


Question 33.

Write the names of the following functional groups:(i) –CHO (ii) –OH (iii) –COOH (iv) C=O (v)


Answer:


Question 34.

What makes the candle flame yellow and luminous?


Answer: When a candle is lighted, the wax melts and converted into vapors. In candle, there is no provision for the proper mixing of wax vapors and air, so incomplete combustion occurs. And, some unburnt small carbon particles are produce which rise and get heated and glow to give out yellowish light. This makes the candle flame yellow and luminous.

Long Answer Type Questions-pg-241
Question 1.

What is homologues series? Explain with an example.


Answer: A series of organic compounds in which hydrogen in a carbon chain is replaced by the same functional group, is called homologous series. Any two adjacent homologues differ by (-CH2) in their molecular formulae.

All the compounds of a homologous series show similar chemical properties.

Example of homologous series: Alkynes.

All the members of homologous series of alkynes have similar structure and similar chemical properties, so they can be grouped together into the homologous series. The general formula of homologous series of alkynes is CnH2n-2. Where, n is the number of carbon atoms in alkyne molecule. The members of alkyne homologous series are:

� Ethyne (C2H2)-First member of alkyne homologous series.

� Propyne (C3H4)-Second member of alkyne homologous series.

� Butyne (C4H6)-Third member of alkyne homologous series.

� Pentyne (C5H8)-Four member of alkyne homologous series.

� Hexyne (C6H10)-Five member of alkyne homologous series.


Question 2.

State two characteristics of a homologous series.


Answer: Characteristics of homologous series:

(i) Any two adjacent homologues differ by one carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms in their molecular formulae.

(ii) All the compounds of homologous series show similar chemical properties.


Question 3.

The molecular formula of an organic compound is C18H36. Name its homologous series.


Answer: It is the homologous series of alkenes. The general formula of homologous series of alkenes is CnH2n. Here, n is number of carbon atoms in one molecule of alkene.
Question 4.

Select the hydrocarbons which belong to the same homologous series. Give the name if of each series.CH4, C2H2, C2H4, C2H6, C4H10, C3H4, C3H6,


Answer: (i) Homologous series: Alkanes- CH4, C2H6, C4H10

(ii) Homologous series: Alkenes- C2H4, C3H6

(iii) Homologous series: Alkynes- C2H2, C3H4


Question 5.

What is meant by ‘heteroatom’? Give examples. Write the names and formulae of two organic compounds containing different heteroatoms.


Answer: In a hydrocarbon chain, any atom other than carbon and hydrogen is referred as heteroatom. Examples: Halogens, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur.

Ethanol- (CH3CH2OH)

Chloroethane- (CH3CH2Cl)


Question 6.

What is meant by a functional group? Explain with an example.


Answer: A atom or group of atoms which determine the properties of compound is known as functional group. Example; alcohol (-OH), aldehyde (-CHO), etc.

Alcohol group (-OH) is a functional group which is present in ethanol (C2H5OH).


Question 7.

Write three common functional groups present in organic compounds. Give their symbols/formulae.


Answer:


Question 8.

Name the functional groups present in the following compounds:(i) CH3COOH (ii)CH3CH2CH2CHO (iii) C2H5OH (iv) CH3COCH2CH3


Answer:

(i) Carboxylic acid group (-COOH)

(ii) Aldehyde group(-CHO)

(iii) Alcohol group (-OH)

(iv) Ketone group (-CO-)


Question 9.

Name the functional group which always occurs in the middle of a carbon chain.


Answer: Ketone group always occurs in the middle of a carbon chain.
Question 10.

Draw the structures for the following compounds:(i) Ethanal (ii) Propanal (iii) Butanal (iv) Pentanal


Answer:

(i) Ethanal (CH3CHO)

(ii) Propanal (CH3CH2CHO)

(iii) Butanal (CH3CH2CH2CHO)

(iv) Pentanal (CH3CH2CH2CH2CHO)


Question 11.

What happens when carbon burns in air? Write the chemical equation of the reaction which takes place.


Answer: The burning of carbon in the presence of air is called combustion. In the combustion process, CO2 and H2O are formed and energy is released in the form of heat and light.

C + O2→ CO2 + Heat + Light


Question 12.

Why are coal and petroleum called fossil fuels?


Answer: Coal and petroleum are called fossil fuels because they were formed by the remains of prehistoric plants and animals buried under the earth long ago.
Question 13.

Explain how coal was formed in the earth.


Answer: Millions of years ago, the forests were buried under the surface of the earth due to natural processes like storms, floods and earthquakes. These got compressed and covered with sand, clay and water. When they got buried deep in the soil, they were exposed to very high pressure and temperature. Under these conditions, wood slowly got converted into coal.
Question 14.

Describe how petroleum was formed in the earth.


Answer: Millions of years ago, the microscopic plants and animals which lived under the sea died and their bodies were covered with mud and sand at the bottom of the sea. In the absence of air or oxygen, the chemical effects of pressure, heat and bacteria converted these remains into petroleum oil and natural gas. The petroleum thus formed got trapped between two layers of impervious rocks (non-porous rocks) forming an oil trap.
Question 15.

Name a fossil fuel other than coal and petroleum.


Answer: Natural gas is also a fossil fuel other than coal and petroleum.

Multiple Choice Questions (mcqs)-pg-242
Question 1.

The molecular formula of a homologue of butane is: A. C4H8B. C3H6
C. C4H6
D. C3H8


Answer: Butane is a member of homologous series of alkanes. The general formula of homologous series of alkanes is CnH2n+2. Where, n is the number of carbon atoms in the one molecule of alkane. Thus, C3H8 is a member of homologous series of alkanes.
Question 2.

One of the following molecular formula can represent two organic compounds having different functional groups. This molecular formula is : A. C5H12OB. C5H10O
C. C5H12O2
D. C5H12


Answer: The molecular formula C5H10O represents the two organic compounds having different functional groups like aldehyde or ketone group.
Question 3.

The number of carbon atoms present in the molecule of fifth member of the homologous series of alkynes is: A. fourB. five
C. six
D. seven


Answer: The fifth member of the homologous series of alkynes contains six carbon atoms in its molecule.
Question 4.

One of the following burns without producing a flame. This is: A. woodB. charcoal
C. LPG
D. candle


Answer: Charcoal burns without producing a flame.
Question 5.

The functional group which always occurs in the middle of a carbon chain is : A. alcohol groupB. aldehyde group
C. carboxyl group
D. ketone group


Answer: ketone group always occurs in the middle of a carbon chain.
Question 6.

The molecular formulae of some organic compounds are given below. Which of these compounds contains an aldehyde group? A. C3H8OB. C3H6O2
C. C3H6O
D. C3H7CI


Answer: The molecular formula of organic compounds having aldehyde group is CnH2nO. Thus, the molecular formula (C3H6O) represent the organic compound having aldehyde group.
Question 7.

The organic compounds which are isomeric with one another are: A. alcohols and aldehydesB. aldehydes and carboxylic acids
C. ketones and aldehydes
D. alcohols and ketones


Answer: The organic compounds which are isomeric with one another are ketones and aldehydes. For example; a molecular formula C3H6O could be either propanal (an aldehyde) or propanone (a ketone).
Question 8.

The fuel which usually burns with a blue flame is: A. coalB. LPG
C. candle wax
D. kerosene (in lamp)


Answer: LPG, fuel usually burns with a blue flame.
Question 9.

Which of the following burns by producing a yellow, luminous flame? A. Natural gasB. Coke
C. Wax
D. Charcoal


Answer: When a candle is lighted, the wax melts and converted into vapors. In candle, there is no provision for the proper mixing of wax vapors and air, so incomplete combustion occurs. And, some unburnt small carbon particles are produce which rise and get heated and glow to give out yellowish light. This makes the candle flame yellow and luminous.
Question 10.

The molecular formula of an organic compound is C48H94. This compound belongs to the homologous Series of: A. alkenesB. aldehydes
C. alkynes
D. alkanes


Answer: The general formula of homologous series of alkynes is CnH2n-2. Here, n represents the number of carbon atoms present in one molecule of alkyne. Thus, C48H94 show the homologous series of alkynes.
Question 11.

One of the following molecular formulae represent a ketone. This formula is: A. C5H12OB. C6H12O2
C. C6H14O
D. C6H12O


Answer: The general formula of homologous series of ketone is CnH2nO. Here, n is number of carbon atoms in one molecule of ketone.
Question 12.

Which one of the following is not a fossil fuel? A. petrolB. coke
C. charcoal
D. coal


Answer: Charcoal is not a fossil fuel.
Question 13.

Butanone is a four-carbon compound having the functional group: A. -COOHB. -CHO
C. -CO-
D. -OH


Answer: Butanone is a member of homologous series of ketones.
Question 14.

The molecular formula of the third member of the homologous series of ketones is: A. C4H8OB. C3H6O
C. C5H10O
D. C6H12O


Answer: The third member of homologous series of ketones is pentanone.
Question 15.

The functional group present in propanal is: A. -OHB. -COOH
C. -CO-
D. –CHO


Answer: Propanal