Fill in the blanks with suitable words:
The 13 colonies established by England on the Atlantic coast were called _____________.
New English colonies
Note: 13 colonies established in USA by England which are called the New English colonies.
Fill in the blanks with suitable words:
The representatives of the 13 colonies met in 1774 at ______.
Philadelphia.
Note: In the year 1787 C.E., The representatives of 13 independent colonies met at Philadelphia and chose George Washington as the President of the United States of America.
Fill in the blanks with suitable words:
Declaration of America’s independence was on __________.
4th of July 1776
Note: On the 4th of July 1776, the representatives 13 colonies at Philadelphia National Conference had adopted the famous Declaration of Independence.
Fill in the blanks with suitable words:
The writer of Spirit of Laws was ________________.
Montesquieu
Note: Montesquieu, in his book ‘Spirit of Laws’ has criticised the Divine Right of kings and appealed for a constitutional government.
Fill in the blanks with suitable words:
The party ‘Young Italy’ was formed by ________________.
Mazzini
Note: Mazzini was a revolutionary thinker and writer he built an army called young Italy.
Fill in the blanks with suitable words:
The philosophy of ‘blood and steel’ was advocated by _______.
Ottovon Bismarck
Note: The architect of unification of Germany was Bismarck. He advocated philosophy of Blood and Steel is his war tactic.
Answer the following questions:
Mention the reasons for American War of Independence.
American War of Independence was fought during 1775-1783
• The steps taken by the England towards its colonies and the emergence of love for independence and need self respect was the main reason.
• The Seven years of war was fought between France and England.
• British passed Naval Act to establish monopoly over sea trade.
• The Molasses Act which came into existence in 1764 helped the American liquor manufacturers to transport molasses.
• Quebec Act of 1774 led to dissatisfaction among the colonies. The Stamp Act was brought in to force in 1765 C.E.
• As a result, it was possible to impose taxes on tea, paper, glass etc. in 1767 C.E.
• These are the reasons for the American War of Independence.
Answer the following questions:
Explain the significance of the American war of independence.
• The war acted as an inspiration for the French Revolution.
• Many of the Spanish and Portuguese colonies in America got inspired to become free
• The new nation called the United States of America was born.
• It attracted the attention of a political intelligentsia throughout the European continent and they started talking about slavery, racism etc. war opened space for discussion on some of the most neglected topics.
Answer the following questions:
How were economic factors responsible for the Frenchrevolution?
• France was an agriculture-dominated nation.
• In spite of advances in agricultural practices, production lagged behind. The yield from land was very low.
• The farmers were the most affected. Famines were frequent.
• As a result, there used to be revolts and riots for food. Industries were under the control of trade unions.
• Due to internal strife and interference from authorities, the development of these unions was sluggish. It resulted in low productivity.
Answer the following questions:
What was the role of Garibaldi in Italy’s unification?
• Garibaldi was a soldier and fighter. He joined the Young Italy army and assumed leadership of the revolution.
• He also constituted an army called Red Brigade and with the help of Sardinia, fought with Austria.
• In 1860, he fought against the twin states of Sicily using his Red Brigade. By conquering them
• He hastened the national integration and pressed for democratic reforms.
• The Sardinian Prime Minister Count cavour was an important person in the unification of Italy.
• He was a journalist and he began a newspaper Risorgimento meant for the rejuvenation of Italian literature. He had a strong influence on the minds of people and kings through his powerful writings
Answer the following questions:
Who was the architect of unification of Germany? Write a note on him?
• The architect of the unification of Germany was Otto-Von-Bismarck, He was the chief minister of the king of Prussia, Williams I.
• He had begun his career as a government servant, member of the assembly, i.e., Diet, and as an ambassador in various nations, and had gained lot of popularity.
• He was aware of the German states’ association under the leadership of Austria and knew about the activities and weaknesses of this organization. Having worked in Austria, France and Prussia as an ambassador, he had knowledge of their strengths and weaknesses.
• He knew that German unification was possible only by Prussia and desired to do so under the leadership of Prussia.
• To achieve this end, his aims were of two types: firstly, to drive out Austria from German state’s association. Secondly, instead of losing identity with Germany, convert Germany into Prussia. That meant inculcating the culture and traditions, and spread the administrative machinery and military power all over Germany
Activities
Discuss in detail with your teacher about the political strategiesphilosophers during the French Revolution period.
• The main ideology of French revolution is putting an end to the dictatorial rule of their kings and establishing a socio-political system based on equality and democracy.
• Famous philosophers and intellectuals Montesque, Rousseau and Voltaire encouraged the rebels by their revolutionary writings.
• Montesque : Montesque, in his book ‘Spirit of Laws’ condemned the Divine Right of kings and declared support for a constitutional Government.
• Rousseau: Rousseau in his work ‘Social Contract’ observed, “Man is independent at birth, but is found chained everywhere.”
• Voltaire: Voltaire condemned the traditions of French society, monotheism and blind beliefs. He also questioned the Roman Catholic church
Activities
Discuss in groups the factors responsible for Italy’s unification.
The main people who aimed for the unification of Italy are
• Mazani, Count cavour and Garibaldi.
• They put efforts yet at different stages starting from Mazani to garibaldi.
• These are known people’s efforts.
• But there are factors which cannot be denied, like help by Prussian minister Bismarck and piedmont-Sardinian king victor Emmanuel.