From The Beginning Of Time

A. The inputs that went into tool making:

(i) Increase in size and capacity of the brain

(ii) Hands freed for using tools and carrying infants, objects, etc.

(iii) Visual surveillance, long distance while foraging and hunting.

B. The processes that were strengthened by toolmaking:

(i) Created conditions for transition from scavenging to skilled hunting.

(ii) Visual surveillance, long distance walking while foraging and hunting.

(iii) Increase in size and capacity of the brain

(iv) Invention of punch blade to make small chisel.

A. The inputs that went into tool making:

(i) Increase in size and capacity of the brain

(ii) Hands freed for using tools and carrying infants, objects, etc.

(iii) Visual surveillance, long distance while foraging and hunting.

B. The processes that were strengthened by toolmaking:

(i) Created conditions for transition from scavenging to skilled hunting.

(ii) Visual surveillance, long distance walking while foraging and hunting.

(iii) Increase in size and capacity of the brain

(iv) Invention of punch blade to make small chisel.

Resemblances:-

(A) Behaviour

(B) Anatomy

Differences:-

(A) Behaviour

(B) Anatomy

The argument advanced in favour of the regional continuity model of human origins is that archaic Homo sapiens evolved at different rates in different regions into modern humans. That’s why there was difference in the first appearance of modern humans in various parts of world. This argument is based on the regional differences in the characteristics of present day humans. According to the supporters of this argument, these dissimilarities are because of the difference between the pre-existing Homo heidelbergensis and Homo erectus populations which lived in the same region.

(c) tool making is the best documented in the archaeological record as tool was widely and heavily used equipments for various activities and which has evolved over time, besides this we have found remains of many tools of that period.

Hunting and constructing shelters would have been facilitated by the use of language to a great extent. Language helped people to share techniques and knowledge of hunting and constructing shelters.

(A) HUNTING:-

1. People could make a plan for hunting

2. They could discuss the modes and techniques of hunting with each other

3. They could get information about abundance of animals in different regions.

4. They could discuss nature of animals

5. They could improve weapons and tools for hunting.

6. They could discuss how to use different parts of the body parts of an animal they killed.

(B) CONSTRUCTING SHELTERS:-

1. People could get information about available materials used in constructing shelters.

2. They could discuss and decide safe places for constructing shelters.

3. They could discuss different facilities available near a shelter.

4. They could share the techniques of constructing a shelter with each other.

OTHER MODES – The other modes of communication used for these activities could have been signs, symbols, paintings and engravings.

(A) Two Developments from Timeline 1

1. The first hominids emerged on the earth’s surface about 5-6 million years ago. They evolved from homonids and both had some common features and certain differences. Homonids had a larger brain than that of the homonids. Homonoids were quadruped and walked on all four legs but had flexible forelimb. On contrary, homonids had an upright posture and they walked on two feet and also difference in hand which helped them in making and using tools.

2. Ice age came into being around 2.5 million years ago. It brought major changes in the climate and vegetation of the earth. There was reduction in temperatures as well as in rainfall. That’s why forests were reduced and there was no expansion of grassland areas. It led to extinction of early forms of Australopithecus because they were adapted to live in the forests. They were replaced by species who adapted to drier conditions. Species included the representatives of the genus Homo.

(B) Two Developments from Timeline 2

1. The evolution of the voice box took place around 200, 00 years ago. It gave the power of speech to a man. It was possible for a man to speak and express his views, arguments and expressions. It also helped in the development of new techniques of making tools, hunting and other activities.

2. Sewing needles were invented about 21, 000 years ago. This invention was very helpful for early humans, now it was possible for them to sew fur of animals and wear it as clothes and preparing them as shield for their body in different climates. It provided them warmth and protected them from cold weather and revolutionized files of jute, silk, cotton, etc.